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INGREDIENT | PERCENT W/W | |
Water | 16.5576 | |
Sorbitol 70% NF | 21.5933 | |
Sodium Benzoate NF | 0.5000 | |
PVP | 2.0000 | |
Sodium Tripolyphosphate | 3.0000 | |
Titanium Dioxide | 1.0000 | |
Sodium Monolluorophosphate | 0.2400 | |
Xylitol | 0.4000 | |
Zinc Chloride | 0.7500 | |
Sodium Citrate USP | 2.6000 | |
Methyl Paraben | 0.1200 | |
Dicalcium Phosphate, Dihydrate USP | 12.0000 | |
Glycerin, 99.7% | 17.8890 | |
CMC - 7MXF | 0.9000 | |
Hydrated Silca (Sylodent 756) | 9.7109 | |
Hydrated Silica (Zeodant 165) | 4.4141 | |
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate | 0.6000 | |
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate | 0.6000 | |
Riboflavin | 0.0001 | |
Flavor (Noville AN114153) | 2.0000 | |
Chlorine Dioxide Solution, 2% | 3.1250 | |
Sodium Hydroxide USP, 10% (pH adjust) | 0.0000 | |
100.0000 | ||
Ingredient | Percent w/w | |
Deionized Water | 93.4800 | |
Sodium Benzoate | 0.3000 | |
Sodium Fluoride | 0.2400 | |
Xylitol | 1.0000 | |
Zinc Chloride | 0.5000 | |
Sodium Citrate | 1.5000 | |
Methylparaben | 0.0800 | |
Tauranol WS HP | 0.7500 | |
Flavor | 0.8000 | |
Poloxamor 407 | 1.2500 | |
FD&C Blue #1 | 0.0000 | |
Citric Acid | 0.1000 | |
100.0000 | ||
Ingredient | Percent W/W | |
Water | 16.5576 | |
Sorbitol, 70% NF | 21.5932 | |
Sodium Benzoate NF | 0.5000 | |
PVP | 2.0000 | |
Sodium tripolyphosphate | 3.0000 | |
Titanium dioxide | 1.0000 | |
Sodium Monolluorophosphate | 0.2400 | |
Xylitol | 0.4000 | |
Zinc Chloride | 0.7500 | |
Sodium Citrate USP | 2.6000 | |
Methyl paraben | 0.1200 | |
Dicalcium Phosphate, Dihydrage USP | 12.0000 | |
Glycerin 99.7% | 17.8890 | |
CMC 7MXF | 0.9000 | |
Hydrated Silica (Sylodent 756) | 9.7109 | |
Hydrated Silica (Zeodent 165) | 4.4141 | |
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate | 0.6000 | |
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate | 0.6000 | |
Riboflavin | 0.0001 | |
Flavor (Noville AN114153) | 2.0000 | |
Chlorine Dioxide Solution, 2% | 3.1250 | |
Sodium Hydroxide USP, 1% (pH adjust) | 0.0000 | |
100.0000 | ||
Ingredient | Percent w/w | |
Deionized Water | 93.4800 | |
Sodium Benzoate | 0.3000 | |
Sodium Fluoride | 0.2400 | |
Xylitol | 1.0000 | |
Zinc Chloride | 0.5000 | |
Sodium Citrate | 1.5000 | |
Methylparaben | 0.0800 | |
Tauranol WS HP | 0.7500 | |
Flavor | 0.8000 | |
Poloxamor 407 | 1.2500 | |
FD&C Blue #1 | 0.0000 | |
Citric Acid | 0.1000 | |
100.0000 | ||
[0002] The great destructive disease of teeth is dental caries which may be defined as the acid dissolution of enamel, dentine or cementum as a consequence of the metabolism of micro-organisms living within deposits on the teeth known a plaque. Dental caries is believed to be associated with specific micro-organisms, the principal ones being Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacilli, Actinomyces Visosus Serovar 2, Actinomyces Naeslundii and “Intermediate” Actinomyces, other Streptococci and yeasts. These are acid producing micro-organisms which produce acids such as acetic and lactic acids from the dietary carbohydrates. The micro-organisms associated with dental caries are unique and are ecologically very different from those associated with, for example, infected root canals.
[0003] Dental caries is currently managed by one or more of the following:
[0004] (i) preventive treatment by, for example, dietary and oral hygiene measures and may include the topical application of chemotherapeutic agents;
[0005] (ii) the removal of dentine exhibiting the signs of active caries;
[0006] (iii) the protection of any newly exposed non-carious dentine with restorative material.
[0007] Measures aimed at the prevention or the arrest of dental caries are mainly based on the elimination of dental plaque from the surfaces of roots and the institution of dietary controls to reduce the frequency and quantity of readily fermentable carbohydrate ingestion. The mechanical removal of plaque has been a major platform for the prevention of dental caries for some time. However, this poses special problems in the case of primary root caries due to access problems. Because dentine has a Knoop hardness of 68 in contrast to enamel at 11, the mechanical removal of plaque from its surface inevitably results in some loss of tissue also. Toothbrush abrasion is now a very common phenomenon and invariably leads to the loss of root dentine from the facial aspects of teeth. Consequently, the traditional methods of plaque control in the prevention of dental caries create further problems even when access permits it to be used effectively.
[0008] Conventional caries removal and cavity preparation entail the use of high and low speed handpieces. However, disadvantages of this system include the perception that drilling is unpleasant for patients and local anesthetic is frequently required. Furthermore, handpieces are expensive to purchase and maintain and their use may lead to the removal of softened but uninfected dentine resulting in the excessive loss of tooth tissue.
[0009] Where restoration is required, all materials used to restore carious lesions have their limitations. For example, gold and ceramic are expensive and present a technical challenge for the practitioner. While amalgam is durable, predictable material, it has poor aesthetic qualities, is potentially toxic and may cause allergic reactions in some people.
[0010] It is an object of the invention to alleviate the disadvantages of the prior art.
[0011] It has now unexpectedly been found that ozone can penetrate carious tissue and can therefore be used in the treatment of dental caries.
[0012] According to the present invention there is provi ded the use of ozone in the preparation of a therapeutic system for the treatment of dental caries.
[0013] As used herein, the term “ozone” is intended to embrace pure ozone, oxonised air and ozonized aqueous media, such as water optionally containing a reductant, such as thiocyanate or peppermint.
[0014] The ozone is delivered at a pressure sufficient to penetrate the carious tissue and at a concentration and for a period of time sufficient to kill substantially all of the micro-organisms within the carious lesion.
[0015] Preferably, a needle-sized jet of pure ozone or ozonized air in a shroud of micro-organism-free aqueous medium, e.g. water optionally containing a reductant, is injected at the desired location.
[0016] If desired, a sealant of the type known in the art may be applied to a carious lesion following ozone treatment.
[0017] The advantages using ozone in the treatment of dental caries include the following:
[0018] 1. It eliminates drilling and its attendant problems;
[0019] 2. It is rapid and painless;
[0020] 3. It does not require sophisticated methods of isolating the tooth;
[0021] 4. No local anesthetic is required.
[0022] The invention is illustrated in the following Examples. Unless otherwise stated, the ozone delivered in the following Examples is present in air at a concentration of 5.2%,
[0023] Many studies concerning the clinical evaluation of ozone have been based on assessments of its harmful effects rather than demonstrating any therapeutic benefits it may offer. Ozone is one of nature's most powerful oxidants which accounts for its ability to kill bacteria, spores and viruses. Uniquely, ozone decomposes to a harmless, non-toxic and environmentally safe material (oxygen). In this investigation, a multicomponent evaluation of the oxidative consumption of salivary biomolecules by ozone (O
[0024] Ozone Effect on Microflora from Primary Root Caries Ex-Vivo
[0025] Primary root carious lesions (PRCL) are a major clinical problem. The aim of this study was to establish if ozone could achieve effective microbial killing in PRCL. An ozone producing generator (Purezone Ltd., Ipswich, U.K.) was used in this ex-vivo study assessing the use of ozone on PRCL. In this study, soft PRCL requiring restoration were used as these are the most severe type of lesion found in humans. 20 freshly extracted teeth with PRCL requiring restoration were used. After plaque removal using a hand held standard fine nylon fiber sterile toothbrush with sterile water as a lubricant to cleanse the surface, each tooth was then isolated using sterile cotton wool rolls and dried using a dry sterile cotton wool roll. A sample of PRCL was taken using a sterile excavator from half of the most active part of the lesion. Subsequently, 10 seconds of the ozonized water was applied to the lesion and another sample was taken from the other half of the most active part of the lesion. Each sample was weighed and immediately placed in 1 ml of Fastidious Anaerobe Broth (FAB). To each 1 ml of FAB containing a biopsy o carious or ozone treated carious dentine, sterile glass beads were added. They were vortexed for 30 seconds to facilitate the extraction of any micro-organisms from the carious dentine and disperse any aggregates. After decimal dilution with FAB, 100 ml aliquots of these was spread on Fastidious Anaerobe Agar (LabM, Bury, Lancs., U.K.) supplemented with 5% (V/V) horse blood in an anaerobic chamber at 37° C. for four days. The mean±SE number of each colony type was counted and calculated.
Before Ozone After 10 Seconds Treatment of Ozone Treatment Mean ± SE of 5.9 ± 0.15 3.57 ± 0.37 Total cfu (Log
[0026] Using the paired Student t-test a significant difference (p<0.001) was observed between the two groups. Clearly, the percentage of micro-organisms killed associated with the use of ozone was more than 99%.
[0027] Ozone Effect on Microflora from Primary Root Caries Ex-Vivo
[0028] The procedure of Example 2 was repeated except that ozonized water was applied to the lesion for 20 seconds. Using the paired student t-test, a significant difference was observed in the ozonized water group (log
[0029] The results of these tests show that the use of ozone can provide an effective, rapid and simple means for killing micro-organisms in carious lesions.
[0030] Sealant Shear Bond Strength to Sound and Carious Radicular Dentine
[0031] These has been little research on the interaction between primary root carious lesions (PRCL) and adhesive materials. The aim of this study was to examine the shear bond strength of four adhesive systems to PRCL with sound dentine acting as a control. The adhesive systems used were:
[0032] 1. OptiBond FL Prime
[0033] 2. OptiBond FL Prime/OptiGuard
[0034] 3. OptiGuard and
[0035] 4. ChemFil II
[0036] The materials were applied to sound radicular dentine and PRCL in vitro in freshly extracted teeth. The bonding site was macroscopically intact, was flat and had at least a 3.5 mm diameter. 37% phosphoric acid was used for 15 seconds in samples in groups 1→3 whilst 25% polyacrylic acid was used in group 4. After bonding the samples were stored for seven days in a moist atmosphere at 37° C. A shearing force was applied at 1 mm/minute. There were at least 10 samples in each group. The mean (s.e.) shear bond strengths were (MPa);
Adhesive Control Carious OptiBond FL Prime/Optibond 5.31 (1.03) 5.58 (1.05) FL Adhesive/OptiGuard Optibond FL Prime/OptiGuard 2.01 (0.59) 1.63 (0.40) OptiGuard 0.73 (0.24) 1.45 (0.52) ChemFil II 1.42 (0.28) 1.01 (0.26)
[0037] While statistical testing showed that the shear bond strength of the OptiBond FL Prime/OptiBond FL Adhesive/OptiGuard was significantly the highest, (p<0.001), the caries status of the root surface had no significant influence on the bond strength. OptiGuard in combination with OptiBond FL Prime and OptiBond Adhesive had the highest bond strength and this was not influenced by the caries status of the surface.
[0038] The Effect of Ozone on Primary Root Caries and Associated Micro-Organisms.
[0039] The aims of these studies were to evaluate the efficiency of ozone on primary root caries and associated micro-organisms (
[0040] The use of a zinc salt such as zinc chloride formulations for remineralization of teeth treated with ozone.
[0041] Following treatment of teeth with ozone using the techniques here described a toothpaste having the following formulation:
Percent Charges Pre Weigh Unit of Ingredient W/W (kg) Charges Measure Water 16.5576 2.4800 2.5 kg Sorbitol, 70% NF 21.5933 3.2400 3.2 kg Sodium Benzoate NF 0.5000 0.0750 75.0 grams PVP 2.0000 0.3000 300.0 grams Sodium tripolyphosphate 3.0000 0.4500 450.0 grams Titanium dioxide 1.0000 0.1500 150.0 grams Sodium Monolluoro- 0.2400 0.0360 36.0 grams phosphate Xylitol 0.4000 0.0600 60.0 grams Zinc Chloride 0.7500 0.1125 112.5 grams Sodium Citrate USP 2.6000 0.3900 390.0 grams Methyl paraben 0.1200 0.0180 18.0 grams Dicalcium Phosphate, 12.0000 1.6000 1.8 kg Dihydrage USP Glycerin 99.7% 17.8890 2.6800 2.7 kg CMC 7MXF 0.9000 0.1350 135.0 grams Hydrated Silica (Sylodent 9.7109 1.4600 1.5 kg 756) Hydrated Silica (Zeodent 4.4141 0.6521 662.1 grams 165) Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 0.6000 0.0900 90.0 grams Sodium Methyl Cocoyl 0.6000 0.0900 90.0 grams Taurate Riboflavin 0.0001 0.00002 0.02 grams Flavor (Noville AN114153) 2.0000 0.3000 300.0 grams Chlorine Dioxide Solution, 3.1250 0.4688 468.8 grams 2% Sodium Hydroxide USP, 0.0000 0.0000 0.0 Kg 1% (pH adjust) 100.0000 15.0
[0042] is applied to areas treated by ozone and remineralization occurrs in the ozone treated areas.
[0043] Other zinc salts have the same effect. Following treatment of teeth with ozone using the techniques herein described a rinse having the following formulation:
Ingredient Percent w/w Deionized Water 93.4800 Sodium Benzoate 0.3000 Sodium Fluoride 0.2400 Xylitol 1.0000 Zinc Chloride 0.5000 Sodium Citrate 1.5000 Methylparaben 0.0800 Tauranol WS HP 0.7500 Flavor 0.8000 Poloxamor 407 1.2500 FD&C Blue #1 0.0000 Citric Acid 0.1000 100.0000
[0044] is applied to areas treated by ozone and remineralization areas in the ozone treated areas.
[0045] The present invention further is directed to apparatus for the treatment of dental caries utilizing an oxidizing gas and remineralization of ozone treated areas.
[0046] The role of specific micro-organism such as, for example, streptococcus mutants in dental caries is well documented. Enzymes produced by such micro-organisms synthesize dextran from the sucrose passing through the month with food or drink resulting in the formation of dental plaque and dental caries.
[0047] Dental caries is the decay of teeth caused by demineralization of the enamel surface with organic acids produced by bacteria which adhere to teeth surfaces.
[0048] Heretofore, dental caries have been removed through the use of conventional grinding handpieces, lasers and air-blasting apparatus. However high-speed turbine drills or low-speed drills unfortunately will grind both caries and sound dentine. Accordingly, a practitioner must select and grind only caries and consequently, this method depends upon this skill of the practitioner. Lasers have been utilized to remove caries, however, not much success has been achieved for varies reasons. For example, blackened charred tissue blocks the laser radiation which, in turn, prevents the laser from reaching caries therebelow. In addition, heating also interrupts the ablation process.
[0049] With regard to air-blasting treatment of caries sound, dentine may also be easily removed, and accordingly, the skill of the practitioner is of outmost importance.
[0050] The present invention provides for the treatment of caries without the disadvantages of the prior art hereinabove noted.
[0051] Apparatus for the treatment of dental caries in accordance with the present invention generally includes a source of oxidizing gas and a handpiece for delivering the gas to a tooth. A cup attached to the handpiece, is provided for receiving the gas and exposing a selected area of the tooth to the gas.
[0052] The cup may include a resilient edge for sealably engaging the tooth around the selected area to prevent escape of the gas therepast. Alternatively, a suitable sealant may be utilized for providing the sealed engagement between the cup and the tooth. This enables a totally closed system for the application of the gas to the tooth.
[0053] A source of oxidizing gas may include an ozone generator and an ozone pump. An aspiration pump may be provided, along with an aspiration line connected to the handpiece, for enabling circulation of the gas into and out of a cup chamber subtending the cup edge. In that regard a controller may be provided for regulating the ozone and aspiration pumps in order to circulate the gas into an out of the cup chamber at a pressure insufficient to escape past the sealed engagement between and the tooth.
[0054] The apparatus may further include a source of reductant, in fluid communication with the cup chamber and a reductant pump may be provided for circulating the reductant through the cup chamber in order to flush the oxidizing gas from the cup chamber and into the aspiration line.
[0055] A waste accumulator may be provided and connected to the aspiration line for receiving the reductant. In addition, a filter may be provided for removal of any residual oxidizing gas from the aspiration line.
[0056] In one embodiment of the present invention the cup edge includes a relatively uniform perimeter for sealably engaging a tooth between a cusp and a gingiva. In another embodiment of the present invention, a cup edge may include a contour enabling a sealably engagement with adjacent teeth. More specifically, the cupped edge may have a perimeter contoured for sealably engaging cusps of adjacent teeth.
[0057] The advantages and features of the present invention will be better understood by the following description when considered in conjunction of the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0058]
[0059]
[0060]
[0061]
[0062]
[0063]
[0064]
[0065]
[0066] With reference to FIGS.
[0067] As illustrated in
[0068] As noted in the referenced international patent application, ozone is delivered at a pressure, concentration and for a period of time sufficient to penetrate the carious tissue and kill substantial all of the micro-organism within a carious lesion. Specific examples of the use of ozone are set forth in the referenced patent application and are incorporated herewith by the specific reference thereto.
[0069] As shown in FIGS.
[0070] Many different sized and shaped cups may be utilized, as for example shown in
[0071] A further cup embodiment
[0072] While a resilient edge or sidewall may be used to couple the cup to the selected area
[0073] Another embodiment of a cup
[0074] All of the cups
[0075] As shown in
[0076] With reference again to
[0077] A controller
[0078] Additionally, the apparatus
[0079] Any residual ozone is then aspirated from the accumulator
[0080] It should also be appreciate that when the cups
[0081] Ozone Detection (ppm) Around the Cup Using a Ozone Analyzer After Either 10 or 20 s of Ozone Application In Vivo
[0082] Study or Test:
[0083] Ozone detection (ppm) around the cup
[0084] Purpose:
[0085] To assess the maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) around the cup
[0086] Study or Test Protocol:
[0087] 20 primary root carious lesions (PRCLs) were randomly selected when the cross-sectional study was conducted. The tip of the sensor was always held within 2 mm of the edge of the cup, positioned half way between the mesial and occlusal sides of the cup. The maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) around the cup from the extracted teeth using an ozone analyzer after 10 s of ozone application. The ozone analyzer used was an API 450 model available from ENVIRO Technologies, UK, and was calibrated by the supplier within the previous week of delivery and this device was not used for any other purpose other than this study in the interim.
[0088] Overlying plaque was then removed using a hand held standard fine nylon fiber sterile toothbrush with water as a lubricant. Each tooth was dried using dry sterile cotton wool rolls and a dental 3 in 1-air syringe. The excavator blade was used to traverse the lesion in line with long axis of the tooth across the maximum gingival/occlusal dimension. Half of each lesion was removed using a sterile excavator. Subsequently, the remaining lesion was exposed to the ozone gas for a period of either 10 s or 20 s at room temperature (23° C.) and maximum detectable ozone level was also measured using this ozone analyzer.
[0089] Test Results:
[0090] The maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) around the cup from lesions for a period of either 10 s (Table 1 and TABLE 1 Maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) after a 10 s of ozone application Ozone detection Teeth types Sites (10 s) Upper left incisor Mesial 0.066 Upper right 1. premolar Buccal 0.001 Upper right canine Distal 0.002 Upper right 1. molar Buccal 0.006 Upper left 2. premolar Buccal 0.076 Lower right 2. premolar Mesial 0.058 Lower left 1. premolar Buccal 0.169 Lower left lateral Buccal 0.1.06 Upper right lateral Distal 0.001 Lower left canine Labial 0.147
[0091]
TABLE 2 Maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) after a 20 s of ozone application Ozone detection Teeth types Sites (10 s) Lower left lateral Labial 0.137 Lower left 1. premolar Buccal 0.177 Lower right incisor Labial 0.069 Upper right canine Labial 0.033 Upper right lateral Labial 0.079 Lower left 2. premolar Buccal 0.002 Lower right 1. molar Buccal 0.083 Upper left lateral Labial 0.004 Lower left canine Labial 0.056 Upper left 1. premolar Mesial 0.001
[0092] Conclusion:
[0093] The use of a cup is a safe way of delivering ozone when ozone was applied for a period of either 10 s or 20 s on the root carious lesions.
[0094] Assessment of maximum ozone levels from extracted teeth after the use of ozone for 10 s.—An in vitro test report
[0095] Study or Test:
[0096] Assessment of the maximum detectable ozone levels, detected adjacent to the cup, from extracted teeth after the use of ozone for 10 s in vitro.
[0097] Purpose:
[0098] To assess the maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) around a cup from the extracted teeth after a 10 s application of ozone.
[0099] 1. Study or Test Protocol: 14 extracted teeth were selected. The tip of the sensor was always held within 2 mm of the edge of the cup, positioned half way between the mesial and occlusal sides of the cup. The maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) around the cup from the extracted teeth using an ozone analyzer was recorded during 10 s of ozone application with the generator setting on maximum at level 10. The ozone analyzer used was the API 450 model and this was calibrated by the supplier within the previous week of delivery. This device was not used for any other purpose other than this study in the interim.
[0100] The Ozone Delivery System
[0101] After plaque removal with 2 sterile cotton wool rolls, ozone gas was delivered onto the surface of each primary root carious lesion in each extracted tooth for 10 s after the lesion was dried for three seconds with a standard three in one dental syringe.
[0102] Test Results:
[0103] The maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) around the cup from the extracted teeth after a 10 s application of ozone during the treatment of root carious lesions were as shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Maximum ozone detectable level (ppm) Teeth types Sites Ozone detection Upper incisor Mesial 0.005 Upper lateral incisor Labial 0.004 Upper canine Labial 0.003 Upper 1. premolar Mesial 0.006 Upper 2. premolar Distal 0.002 Upper 1. molar Buccal 0.003 Upper 2. molar Mesial 0 Lower incisor Lingual 0.007 Lower lateral incisor Distal 0.001 Lower canine Mesial 0 Lower 1. premolar Distal 0.009 Lower 2. premolar Lingual 0.018 Lower 1. molar Lingual 0.016 Lower 2. molar Mesial 0.005
[0104] Conclusion:
[0105] The use of a cup is a safe way of delivering ozone when ozone was applied for a period of 10 s on the root carious lesions on extracted teeth.
[0106] Measurement of Ozone from the Handpiece
[0107] The handpiece Peak readings from Mini-HiCon ™ (g/Nm Dura- tion Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading (sec- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average onds) (g/Nm (g/Nm (g/Nm (g/Nm (g/Nm (g/Nm (g/Nm 5 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 10 4.7 4.8 4.6 3.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 20 4.9 5.9 6.3 6.3 5.9 30 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.6 6.4 60 6.6 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.8 Peak readings from Mini-HiCon ™ (ppm) Dura- tion Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading (sec- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average onds) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 5 2522 2475 2522 2008 2428 2428 2397 10 2195 2242 2148 1635 2055 2102 2063 20 2288 2755 2942 2942 2732 30 2942 3036 2942 3082 3000 60 3082 3269 3269 3129 3187
[0108] The peak reading was obtained after about 8 seconds (even when the generator was switched on for only 5 seconds) and perhaps represented an “overshoot” before the generator/detector combination stabilized for the >20 second durations. The level then remained fairly constant at between 3.6 and 4.7 g/Nm
[0109] To Convert from g/m
[0110] The formula weight of ozone is 48 g and therefore 1 g of ozone is {fraction (1/48)}th of a mole. The molar volume of an ideal gas (at standard temperature and pressure) is 0.0224138 m
[0111] Measurement of the Ozone Dissolving in a Potassium Iodide Solution
[0112] Ozone was passed through the handpiece λ λ λ Duration λ (351 nm) (351 nm) average (seconds) absorbance absorbance absorbance absorbance 1 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.08 2 0.50 0.44 0.26 0.40 3 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.56 4 0.77 0.69 0.50 0.65 5 0.90 0.84 0.51 0.75 6 1.08 0.99 0.68 0.92 7 1.17 1.11 0.75 1.01 8 1.30 1.27 0.95 1.17 9 1.40 1.40 1.19 1.33 10 1.57 1.43 1.38 1.46
[0113] To Calculate the Concentration from the Peak Absorbance:
[0114] where
[0115] L=cell path length (1 cm)
[0116] C=concentration (mol)
[0117] E=extinction coefficient
[0118] A=absorbance
[0119]
[0120] concentration in μmol/l is absorbance/0.0297
λ Total Volume of Ozone absorbance dissolved air/ozone in air Ozone Duration (average Concentration ozone Ozone mixture (μg/ml = in air (seconds) of 3) (μmol/l) (μmol) (μg) (ml) g/m (ppm) 1 0.08 2.69 0.269 13 8 1.625 759 2 0.40 13.47 1.347 65 16 4.063 1897 3 0.50 18.86 1.886 91 24 3.792 1771 4 0.65 21.89 2.189 105 32 3.281 1532 5 0.75 25.25 2.525 121 40 3.025 1413 6 0.92 30.98 3.098 149 48 3.104 1450 7 1.01 34.39 3.439 165 56 2.946 1376 8 1.17 39.39 3.939 189 64 2.953 1379 9 1.33 44.79 4.479 215 72 2.986 1394 10 1.46 49.16 4.916 236 80 2.950 1378
[0121] NMR Analysis of Plaque/Caries
[0122] 1. Plaque samples were obtained from volunteers and each sample was divided into two. Half of each sample was treated with ozone and half left untreated as a control.
[0123] 2. The samples were each weighed. Then 600 μl of 0.5 M HClO
[0124] 3. The samples were centrifuged and supernatants retained.
[0125] 4. The samples were neutralized to a pH of between 6 and 8 and the volume of KOH used was noted.
[0126] 5. The samples were centrifuged again and 600 μl of supernatant were taken for analysis.
[0127] 6. 70 μl of D
[0128] NMR Analysis of Saliva
[0129] 1. Saliva samples were obtained from volunteers and each sample was divided into two. Half of each sample was treated with ozone and half left untreated as a control.
[0130] 2. The samples were centrifuged and supernatants retained.
[0131] 3. 70 μl of D
[0132]
Iodine Standards (in 20 mM potassium iodide) Iodine Concentration Absorbance at 351 nm 4 uM 0.1144 5 uM 0.1410 7 uM 0.1690 10 uM 0.2002
[0133] Although there has been hereinabove described method and apparatus for the treatment of dental caries an remineralization in accordance with the present invention for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention may be used to advantage, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto. Accordingly, any and all modifications, variations or equivalent arrangements which may occur to those skilled in the art, should be considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.