DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0030] With reference to the figures, the modular panel for the construction of buildings in general, having thermal and acoustic insulation characteristics, according to the invention, comprises a single panel, generally designated by the reference numeral 1 and shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, which is provided with a contoured plate-like element 2 made of insulating material, preferably foamed polystyrene.

[0031] A first reinforcement net 3 and a second reinforcement net 4 are provided respectively on the faces of the plate-like element 2 and are advantageously made of electrically welded nets which have a plurality of intersecting rods.

[0032] The nets 3 and 4 are kept connected to the plate-like element 2 by way of connecting elements which are provided by way of through bars 5 which are welded, at their ends, to the rods of the corresponding nets or are in any case tied or coupled to said nets by seaming.

[0033] The bars 5 pass through the plate-like element.

[0034] According to a preferred embodiment, the plate-like element has a shape which is sinusoidal in transverse cross-section and a thickness which is variable according to the insulation requirements to be obtained.

[0035] The vertical rods that form the nets 3 and 4 are preferably arranged at the hollows that are formed at the surface on the faces of the plate-like element; said vertical rods are equally arranged on the inside or on the outside of the horizontal rods.

[0036] The assembly is completed by producing, on both faces of the panels, a concrete casting 9 which in practice incorporates the reinforcement nets, providing a plurality of micropiles which have, as explained hereinafter, an excellent structural behavior.

[0037] At the longitudinal edges, the reinforcement nets can have a protruding portion 7 on opposite faces, so as to achieve the side-by-side arrangement of two panels, as shown in FIG. 2, thus achieving the possibility to provide walls of any size.

[0038] It is also possible to provide a double modular panel, generally designated by the reference numeral 20, which is substantially provided by means of two single panels 1 which are arranged side by side and spaced one another.

[0039] The single panels 1 are joined by cross-members 21 which connect to the reinforcement nets of the corresponding single panels 1, forming an assembly in which the two insulating plate-like elements are spaced by means of a region in which it is possible to perform a concrete casting 30 which incorporates the entire structure, obtaining a truly stable and monolithic unit.

[0040] In this case also, it is possible to provide the mutual connection of multiple double panels by using the protruding portions 7, if provided, of the single panels that form the panels 20.

[0041] To complete the assembly, it is possible to provide corner panels, designated by the reference numeral 40 in FIG. 9, which are constituted in practice by double panels in which the internal single panel, designated by the reference numeral 1′, is retracted or cut in place with respect to the external single panel 1″, so as to allow the mating of the corner region, as shown in FIG. 10.

[0042] It is also possible, as shown in FIG. 11, to provide a corner panel 50 which is formed by means of portions 51 of single panels arranged at an angle, allowing to mate one another double panels 20 by completing the outer region of the corner.

[0043] It is also possible to provide, as shown in FIG. 12, the insertion of corner reinforcement rods, designated by the reference numeral 52, which help to reinforce the casting.

[0044] The floor panels, designated by the reference numeral 60 in FIG. 13, use a plate-like base element 61 which has an external reinforcement net 62 and, on the other face, spacer blocks made of insulating material 63 which form, between them, channels 64 in which load-bearing reinforcement frames 65 can be inserted.

[0045] An upper reinforcement net 66 is applied to the free face of the blocks 63 and is connected to the lower reinforcement net 62.

[0046] In this manner it is possible to cast the floor so as to provide a complete structural unit.

[0047] In order to complete the building it is also possible to provide a staircase element constituted by a double panel, designated, in FIG. 18, by the reference numeral 70, which is arranged at an angle and to which lower reinforcement rods 71 for connection to the lower landing, lateral reinforcement rods 72, and upper rods 73 for connection to the upper landing are connected.

[0048] In practice, casting is performed together with the rest of the building, so that the staircase, or more specifically the ramp, is integrated with the monolithic structure.

[0049] After the ramp has been obtained, it is completed by means of one of the different conventional methods that provide the steps according to the required types.

[0050] Experimental tests that have been conducted have shown that the plate-like elements are preferably made of expanded polystyrene with a density of 25 kg/m³ in order to have a resistance which is sufficient to avoid deformation under the hydrostatic thrust of the concrete; the blocks used in the floor slab can have a lower density, down to approximately 15 kg/m³.

[0051] Moreover, experimental tests that have been conducted have shown that the minimum distance between the plate-like elements for providing the double panel is 8-10 cm, so as to allow the concrete to flow freely without separating. Moreover, the optimum distance of the joints provided by the elements for connecting one another the reinforcement nets is preferably 15 cm in order to avoid unwanted deformations under the thrust of the concrete.

[0052] The above described modular panel has an exceptional resistance to impacts, which became apparent when testing the behavior of the single or double panel when being hit by bullets, shrapnels and the like, and can be explained scientifically with the elasticity of the external plate-like elements formed by the panels.

[0053] Moreover, the panel is particularly versatile, allowing to provide, with the single panel, curved walls simply by cutting the transverse rods of the reinforcement element that lies on the inside of the curve, cutting appropriately the polystyrene into vertical panels and shaping the outward net.

[0054] It is also possible to achieve simple insertion of the utility elements, such as pipes for the hydraulic and electrical systems, since the chases can be produced by means of hot air on the internal polystyrene, both in the walls and in the floor slab, thus avoiding the onerous provision of conventional chases.

[0055] An important aspect is further constituted by the fact that as soon as the central region of the double panel has been cast and the outer cladding alone of the single panel has been completed, the built spaces provide workers with immediate shelter from any kind of climate; by merely placing screens on the windows or doors, the workers can work while the space being built is heated or conditioned.

[0056] It should be noted that the mechanical characteristics of the panel can be improved by using concretes with the addition of additives and that, for example, the single panel or the floor slab panel can be given greater load-bearing capacity by cladding their opposite surfaces and the corresponding nets with bands of unidirectional glass fibers and resin, after applying a coat of two-part epoxy resin to the surface of the polystyrene.

[0057] The protection of the casting offered in double panels is decisive in coping with extreme climates at very low and very high temperatures; it has in fact been possible to pour concrete in a space at −30° C. without measuring, during setting, which is an exothermic phenomenon, any temperatures below +5° C.

[0058] The same occurs at temperatures above 40° C., even in direct sunlight: in this case, the polystyrene not only insulates the casting but, by being impermeable, does not allow the cement mortar to dry too quickly.

[0059] The parameters that regulate the hardening reaction of the concrete are ideal, since the curing of the casting in terms of temperature and humidity is perfect; moreover, it is possible to use any kind of additives to provide impermeable walls having particularly high-level mechanical characteristics.

[0060] It should also be added that the single or double cavity wall that the panels provide in any building not only offers the highest values of thermal insulation and makes condensation impossible, but also provides high thermal inertia which prevents the temperature variations that occur when heating elements are switched on or off.

[0061] The thickness of the roughcast and of the reinforced plaster provided on the inside of the building in fact has a mass which ensures a considerable accumulation of heat which is sufficient to extend the durations of the thermal cycles.

[0062] Essentially, the internal layer of the casting acts like the inner glass pane of a double-glazing unit, where the polystyrene takes the place of the air.

[0063] Fire resistance is particularly high, since the polystyrene, at temperatures of approximately 300-400° C., shrinks without producing emissions and forms vacuum regions which insulate the subsequent layers, producing drastic temperature drops.

[0064] Underfloor heating systems find an ideal type of seating in the floor slabs of the system, since their copper or plastic pipes rest on the polystyrene elements, which prevent any form of downward loss.

[0065] In practice, only the upper concrete casting is heated and, by being reinforced by the net of the panel, is not subject to cracks which might damage the floor.

[0066] It is also possible to heat spaces, by means of the same system, even on their side walls, by arranging the copper piping in chases formed in the polystyrene, in the same manner that can be used to install water or electricity distribution systems.

[0067] The acoustic attenuation obtained has remarkable values, thanks to the various densities and consequent barriers that the panel provides to sound wave transmission; the panel in fact ranges from thicknesses with a density of 2000/2500 kg/m³ of the roughcast, plaster and concrete, to 25 kg/m³ for the polystyrene, which cannot vibrate since it is properly contained by the castings that surround it.

[0068] All the components required by the building industry to produce any kind of building by means of panels are further obtained simply with two production machines, i.e., the machine for shaping the polystyrene and the machine for stapling and welding the nets.

[0069] It is also possible to provide the conventional lattice having a triangular cross-section for floor slabs simply by using the same net of the panels, shaped so as to mutually lock the three rods that compose it.

[0070] In this manner, there is no need of having to keep in stock the various conventional components, which must include all ranges of clay building components with their various heights, countless types of flat tiles, large hollow tiles, wood for formwork, and all the associated accessories.

[0071] The structure formed by means of this panel allows to obtain a construction method which is particularly effective, since the building is monolithic and particularly rigid and capable of withstanding even intense external stresses.

[0072] Since the entire structure is load-bearing, the loads transmitted to the ground are no longer concentrated but are distributed over the entire supporting surface; accordingly, it is no longer necessary to resort to extremely expensive foundation work and piling in the presence of clayey soils, since a simple perimetric curb is sufficient.

[0073] The heat conduction coefficient is particularly low, thanks to the considerable layer of insulating material, since the entire structure is uniform; moreover, thermal bridges are eliminated and the entire structure has a wall temperature which is higher than the dew point temperature, avoiding formation of mold and condensation; the entire room is therefore more favorable from the point of view of microclimate, since the comfort in terms of temperature and humidity is improved by the higher average radiating temperature.

[0074] It should also be added that the panel according to the invention as described above constitutes a throwaway formwork which allows to construct the building in a much shorter time than with conventional methods, with a significant saving of labor force, which need not be particularly specialized, yet allows to provide a very precise final casting.

[0075] Another important aspect consists in that in the building under construction, where windows have to be provided, it is sufficient to simply cut the net and the polystyrene and the walled frame of the window is directly inserted in the resulting opening and thus closes the hole opened in the throwaway formwork of the double panel. When the concrete is poured, the walled frame is embedded directly in the structure, thus ensuring a perfectly airtight seal between the walls and the walled frame, obtaining results which cannot be obtained assuredly with other methods.

[0076] Moreover, the lack of pillars protruding inside the building avoids unsightly constraints in arranging interior decoration, improving the flexibility of the enclosed spaces.

[0077] It should also be added that by being able to provide thinner walls than with conventional methods, the useful available surface is consequently increased for an equal paid surface.

[0078] In any case, the main advantage of the system is constituted by the considerable saving that can be achieved in building structures by using this type of construction, achieving at the same time an improvement in quality.

[0079] Moreover, construction time also is reduced significantly, fully to the advantage of production costs and allowing, as mentioned, to work even at very low or very high temperatures, since once the panels have been positioned casting can be performed and the temperature of the casting remains optimum by way of the insulating effect of the formwork, which stores the heat generated in the exothermic reaction of the concrete.

[0080] From the above description it is thus evident that the invention achieves the intended aim and objects, and in particular it is stressed once again that the installation of the panels is extremely simple and practical; being very light, such panels can be installed manually and can be arranged and shaped according to requirements before performing the concrete casting that covers the outer walls and is interposed, in the case of double panels, between the two plate-like elements.

[0081] The invention thus conceived is susceptible of numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the appended claims.

[0082] All the details may further be replaced with other technically equivalent elements.

[0083] In practice, the materials used, as well as the contingent shapes and dimensions, may be any according to requirements.

[0084] The disclosures in San Marinese Patent Application No. SMA200000032 from which this application claims priority are incorporated herein by reference.