DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] A basic problem in providing local television service from satellite broadcasts is the possibility of interference between different beams that are directed to different service areas, but carry signals within the same frequency band. This problem is illustrated in FIG. 2 , which depicts the signal gain as a function of location along the earth's surface for two beams 14 a and 14 b (see looking down from above) that are nominally spaced apart from each other at the earth's surface. Assuming an equal gain for each beam, their respective gain characteristics 16 a and 16 b follow generally parabolic lobes, extending down to the first nulls before sidelobe energy is created, well below the levels of concern. However, the signal gain within the useful portion of each beam as a practical matter must exceed a specific threshold level, designated Th in the drawing. The generally circular beam patterns 14 a and 14 b encompass the central portions of the overall beams, where the signal gain equals or exceeds Th. Thus, even though the useful beam contours 14 a and 14 b are shown as being separated from each other, lower gain peripheral roll-off portions of each beam may overlap into the other beam's target area. This is illustrated as occurring at signal gain level I, at which a lower gain portion of each beam crosses over into the target area of the other beam.

[0024] The effect of increasing the signal gain (power) for one of the beams, such as the right hand beam 14 b , is also illustrated in FIG. 2 . Assume for example that the peak power for the beam's original gain characteristic 16 b is 40 dBi, but that the signal gain is then increased to gain characteristic 16 c , with a peak gain of 43 dBi (which doubles its power). This increases the interference level of beam 14 b crossing over into beam 14 a by ΔI, but does not increase the interference level of beam 14 a crossing over into beam 14 b . Thus, increasing the carrier power C for the first beam degrades the carrier-to-interference (C/I) level for the second beam, whose power level remains constant but which suffers greater interference, but improves the C/I ratio for the first beam whose power has been increased because the interference it receives from the second beam remains constant.

[0025] Another important contributor to signal degradation is thermal noise N. Increasing a beam's power also increases the C/N ratio, since the thermal noise remains constant. Thus, increasing the power of one of the beams increases both the C/I and C/N ratios for that beam, while C/N for the other beam remains the same but its C/I ratio goes down because of increased interference from the first beam.

[0026] For satellite signal transmissions that are performed digitally, such as digital television, reductions in the C/N and C/I ratios are not perceived as a gradual degradation in the signal quality. Rather, because the system is received above a given threshold, higher relative noise and interference levels can increase the duration and frequency of total signal outages during rain, thunder storms or other bad weather conditions. The problem is not one of signal quality, which is always high for a digital system when the signal is received, but of the number and duration of outages. In the past this has been addressed by spacing beams with different signals in the same frequency band so far apart that there is essentially no overlap between the beams, even in their peripheral areas.

[0027] The present invention takes a more flexible approach that allows for a much more efficient utilization of satellite capacity, and makes possible both high quality local and regional broadcast service. Rather than attempting to totally eliminate any degradation in signal quality at all, a non-uniformity is introduced into factors such as the beam sizes, distribution and powers, cross-beam interference levels, roll-off characteristics and peak-to-edge power differentials to allow the service to the most important areas to be optimized. While this can involve some sacrifice of service levels to marginal areas, the net result is to provide a higher degree of service (including local service) to a greater portion of the population. Efficiency is further improved by providing a high degree of frequency reuse, in which the same frequency bands can be used repeatedly for different local target areas. For purposes of this application the term “frequency band” is not limited to any particular governmentally pre-assigned frequency band, and refers more generally to any desired continuous frequency spectrum, not all of which must be occupied at any given time.

[0028] The non-uniform beam size and distribution aspects of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 3 , in which target areas for signals within four different frequency bands are again designated by numbers 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 . However, in contrast to the prior uniform pattern of FIG. 1 , the invention concentrates the beams on the areas of highest population, with the highest density of local service areas generally having the highest density of beams. The beam sizes are tailored to each service area, with the regions of highest population density generally assigned more but smaller beams to allow for a greater number of different local service areas with relatively high power levels for each local area.

[0029] The right hand side 18 of FIG. 3 illustrates a region of closely spaced and high density population centers, with a separate local-service beam 20 for each local service area. Beams with different frequency bands can overlap in this region to assure that each local service area is fully covered. Different beams can also vary in size, with the smaller beams generally serving local services areas with higher population densities. As with the prior uniform beam pattern illustrated in FIG. 1 , beams which operate at the same frequency band are preferably spaced apart from each other. However, they do not have to be spaced so far apart that cross-beam interference is totally eliminated. Rather, to increase the satellite is frequency reuse and broadcast to a greater number of local service areas, some overlap of a peripheral portion of one beam into the intended target area for another beam with the same frequency band is permissible. In this situation the beam power for the target area having the higher priority, which will generally be the area with the larger number of customers, can be set higher than the power level of the beam which it overlaps.

[0030] The left hand region 21 of FIG. 3 illustrates a possible beam distribution for a region with fewer population centers that are more widely spaced and have lower population densities. The beam sizes are generally large than in the higher density region 18 , and there are fewer beams for the same area. Note, however, that the new system can accommodate local variations within an overall region, such as the higher population density center 22 at the upper left hand corner of the figure, which is served by a greater density of beams having somewhat smaller average sizes than for the remainder of the overall region 20 .

[0031] Gaps can be left between the beam coverage areas, and no local service provided at all, in a region 24 of low population density without significant population centers. While the idea of leaving some regions without any local service at all may be counter-intuitive, the actual result is to provide high quality local service to a large majority of the overall population because of the more efficient use of the satellite's resources, and is a great improvement over the prior inability to provide local satellite television service anywhere.

[0032] FIGS. 4 a - 4 d illustrate how local television service can be provided to the United States through the reuse of four different frequency bands, while FIGS. 5 a - 5 d illustrate antenna feed horn layouts that can be used to produce the spot beam patterns of FIGS. 4 a - 4 d , respectively. Both left and right hand circular polarization patterns are shown, and indicated respectively by dashed and solid lines. FIG. 4 a illustrates seven beam target areas 26 a , all with the same frequency band and distributed over different portions of the country, while FIG. 5 a illustrates a pattern of feed horns 27 a that can be used to produce the desired beam pattern from an antenna. Some cross-beam interference can be expected between such areas, as explained previously. The relative beam powers are designed to produce an optimum tradeoff between the number and durations of outages and the number of customers served in each area.

[0033] Target areas for the three other frequency bands, designated 26 b , 26 c and 26 d in FIGS. 4 b , 4 c and 4 d , respectively, are assigned in a similar manner, with corresponding patterns of feed horns 27 b , 27 c and 27 d shown respectively in FIGS. 5 b , 5 c and 5 d . The cumulative beam pattern produced on the ground by all four sets of beam target areas is illustrated in FIG. 4 e . The target area for one frequency band can overlap with target areas for one or more different frequency bands; a target area for one band can encompass one or more smaller areas of different bands, or can be included within a larger area of a different band. Cross-beam interference is not a concern in this case because the different frequency bands do not overlap.

[0034] The beams illustrated in FIG. 4 e all have circular cross-sections. While this would be most typical, shaped beams can also be produced by using a shaped antenna reflector on the satellite with a single antenna feed horn, or less desirably by providing the same signal to multiple feed horns for the same reflector with proper amplitude and phase relationships to achieve the desired shape. Shaped beams may be useful in ertain situations, such as broadcasting to a non-circular target area that is quite distant from the other beams. For example, Hawaii and Alaska could be good candidates for elliptical beams.

[0035] FIG. 6 illustrates in simplified form a satellite 28 with an array of antennas designed to implement the invention. The satellite is shown carrying four different broadcast antenna reflectors 30 a , 30 b , 30 c and 30 d , with solar cells mounted on panels 32 a and 32 b providing a power supply for the system. Reflectors 30 a and 30 b are larger than reflectors 30 c and 30 d and, with appropriate feed horns, can produce the beam distributions shown in FIGS. 4 b and 4 c , respectively; with appropriate feed horns reflectors 30 c and 30 d can produce the beam distributions respectively shown in FIGS. 4 a and 4 d.

[0036] FIG. 7 gives a simplified view of a reflector 34 which reflects feed beams from a number of feed horns 36 a , 36 b and 36 c ; all of the feed horns for a single reflector would normally be operated within the same frequency band for a given signal polarization. The size of each beam is primarily a function of the reflector and horn dimensions, while the beam direction is a function of the reflector orientation relative to ground and the feed horn orientations relative to the reflector. However, given a fixed common reflector size for several feed horns, differences in horn sizes can be used to produce spot beams which have corresponding differences in size. Once a particular pattern of beam sizes and spatial distribution has been established, a specific reflector and feed horn design to implement the pattern involves merely an application of conventional antenna design principals.

[0037] The size of each reflector also determines the roll-off characteristics of its beams, which is an important factor in deter-mining the C/I ratio for beams broadcast with the same frequency band. In general, larger reflectors will produce better roll-off characteristics but will not be as easy to fit on the satellite, whereas smaller reflectors allow for a greater total number of reflectors for a given satellite and a potentially closer spacing between beams with the same frequency band, but will produce a degraded roll-off for a given feed horn type. The use of different size reflectors as illustrated in FIG. 6 thus results in different beams having different roll-off characteristics and adds another variable to the tradeoffs involved in providing the highest quality service to the greatest number of customers. In general, larger reflectors can be assigned to the more important local service areas to provide better beam roll-off characteristics in those areas.

[0038] The use of different feed horn sizes to produce different beam sizes from the same reflector is illustrated by feed horns 36 a and 36 b , which have different schematic representations. Because of their different positions relative to the reflector 34 , feed horns 36 a and 36 b will also result in beams that are directed to different local target areas.

[0039] Another factor that affects service quality is the beam's peak-to-edge gain differential between the center and edge of the service area. The smaller the differential, the higher will be the signal quality towards the edges of the service area, but the overall power consumption will also increase. On the other hand, a higher differential means that the beam power is falling more rapidly at the edge of its target area, and is thus less likely to interfere with nearby beams. This is another way in which the different service areas can be prioritize, with the more important areas served by feed horns with illumination tapers that produce the lowest peak-to-edge gain differentials.

[0040] Another reason for assigning higher power levels to the beams that are broadcast to the more important service areas is that it allows for a larger number of station signals to be included within the frequency bands broadcast to those areas. To the first order, increasing the number of station signals reduces the power per signal, thus increasing both relative thermal noise and cross-beam interference levels; an increase in total beam power can be used to compensate for these signal degradations.

[0041] FIG. 8 illustrates the satellite circuitry used to generate the different beams, with the circuitry for two channels 38 a and 38 b shown. Channel 38 a receives a ground signal via uplink antenna 40 a . The signal is delivered to a receiver 44 a , which includes a low noise amplifier and a frequency converter that converts the uplink frequency band UL 1 to a desired downlink frequency band DL 1 . An input channel filter 46 a passes the desired channel, rejecting other channels. The resulting downlink channel signal is routed through an automatic level control (ALC) pre-amplifier 48 a and a high power non-linear amplifier (typically a traveling wave tube or a solid state device) 50 a . The amplified output is filtered by an output channel filter 52 a , which passes the amplified channel band and blocks other unwanted frequencies, and then delivered to the feed horn of a downlink antenna 54 a . Power is supplied to the channel circuitry from an on-board power supply 56 , conventionally solar cells on the satellite panels 32 a and 32 b illustrated in FIG. 6 .

[0042] The second channel has a similar configuration, with its own uplink antenna 40 b , receiver 44 b which performs an uplink (UL 2 )-to-downlink (DL 2 ) frequency conversion, input channel filter 46 b which passes the desired second channel and rejects other channels, ALC 48 b , power amplifier 50 b , output channel filter 52 b which passes the amplified channel downlink frequency band and rejects other channels, and another antenna feed horn 54 b . To reduce the total number of power amplifiers required, the signals for multiple lower power beams can be processed by a common power amplifier as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/062,005, filed on the same day as this application by John L. Norin and entitled “Method and Apparatus for Spacecraft Amplification of Multi-Channel Signals”, the contents of which application is incorporated herein by reference. To compensate for variances between actual and designed beam power profiles, changes in the relative importance of different service areas over time, and changes in the number of station signals broadcast to a given target area, the amplifier drives can be adjusted from the ground as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/062,003, filed on the same day as this application by John L. Norin and entitled “Dynamic Interference Optimization Method for Satellites Transmitting Multiple Beams With a Common Frequency Channel”, the contents of which application are also incorporated herein by reference.

[0043] Assuming that channel 38 a is allocated to a more important local service area than channel 38 b , its high power amplifier 50 a will normally be selected to produce a greater power output than amplifier 50 b in channel 38 b . This is indicated in FIG. 8 by a larger amplifier symbol for 50 a than for 50 b.

[0044] At present, 32 transponder channels are typical for satellite television broadcasts in a given service, representing 16 different channels 24 MHz wide and separated by approximately 5 MHz, and two orthogonal polarizations (either left and right hand circular or vertical and horizontal) for each frequency band. In the preferred system the majority of the available channels are used for nationwide broadcasts, with the remaining channels reserved for local service beams. FIGS. 9 a and 9 b illustrate two possible schemes for dividing eight channels among four different reflectors, with the four different frequency bands indicated respectively by S 1 , S 2 , S 3 and S 4 . In FIG. 9 a each reflector broadcasts two signals of opposite polarization (POL 1 and POL 2 ) but within the same frequency band. In FIG. 9 b each reflector broadcasts a signal within one frequency band at the first polarization, and another signal within a different frequency band at the second polarization.

[0045] While all of the beams would typically be broadcast from a single satellite, situations may arise that could lead to a distribution of the beams among multiple satellites. For example, where the desired feed size does not allow adjacent beams to use the same reflector surface to feed packaging interference, the greater antenna-to-antenna and satellite-to-satellite pointing differences normally associated with a multiple satellite system might be justified.

[0046] While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.