It would definitely affect thinking through things, because the cases brought up issues that I hadn't thought of and sensitivities
that the different cultures might have that I had not thought of because it was not a part of the culture that I was raised with.
Reflecting on the various cultural issues
highlighted through the cases, Lisa came to value the importance of
understanding the subcultures of each individual child.
Shazia mentioned that she had experienced many perspectives that
she had not considered previously. She felt the value of cases rested,
in part, with the opportunity to learn about diversity within real
classroom contexts. She thought that cases would help her, a soon-to-be
teacher, to handle diversity matters because they reflected actual
classroom situations.
It was really a positive effect on me because I was able to read those cases and then think what I would do in that situation, and what if that comes up in my classroom. It made me realize things that I would never have thought about until it happened to me. Which in a lot of cases it could have been too late and now I realize that there are certain things at least from the cases that we read, hopefully I won't make those mistakes about.
Cases as
tools for learning and constructing one's own personal truth about
diversity. Kate expressed the value of learning about different cultures
through cases. She felt the case discussions enabled her to go beyond
superficial understandings at the "tip of the iceberg." Kate
noted that she did not always agree with the decisions made by the
teachers in the various cases. The process of experiencing conflicts
about the problematic situations in cases is evidence of Kate's
construction of beliefs about diversity in teaching and learning.
Through this process, Kate learned how to think about individual
cultures and situations.
Kate stated that she enjoys talking about other cultures, even
going beyond the case dilemmas. Talking about other countries, Kate
expressed the belief that her culture is not always the norm in the
world.
We're not always the norm we think that we are. I thought that was good that we were able to expand it to other areas that sparks our curiosity about other places and how we really don't know that much.
Through the case-based experiences, Lisa saw that "things are very personal" and that "truth would be what a person personally believes to be true"; consequently, she believed that it is important to construct one's own personal truth by experimenting and reflecting on how to handle the situations that cases provide, rather than memorizing the knowledge formally presented in textbooks.
I think each person has one's own truth. I wouldn't say my personal beliefs are true. I think that's arrogant. I think
my personal beliefs are my personal beliefs and I have reasons for them, but they're not.
In-depth
Reflections on Diversity and Personal Beliefs
Cases as tools for instruction. Kate felt glad that there are
actual cases that she can read of people in similar situations. She
thought that it was valuable to have these cases in order to see how
other teachers deal with various situations. She also found it useful to
critique the cases in terms of her own beliefs.
Kate also found that the case experience required more time for
in-depth reflections because it was not easy to develop meaningful
learning by simply reading through the cases a single time without
discussion.
I need to take the time to really think about it in depth. For me, it was easy to be critical of those, but I would see myself
probably in the same situation maybe doing similar things and not realizing it until afterwards looking at it.
Cases as tools for discussing and challenging existing theory or "truth." Kate loves being able to talk things out and play the devil's advocate because she loves making people think. Case-based pedagogy provided Kate and her peers with the chance to have genuine dialogues about situations related to teaching and learning.
I'm a very skeptical person. I love challenging everything. I like to say no. I don't wanna say that there's no truth at all, but then everything can be challenged and we don't know until we challenge something.
I mean we can base everything in theory but nothing can be definite for sure until it's been tested and tested and tested.
Emphasizing the importance of not conforming existing theory or so-called, "truth," Kate extended her thinking to her views about evolution. She does not like to teach about evolution because she thinks it is a matter of personal beliefs. However, based on her reflection of the cases, she felt that if she teaches about evolution and encounters a child who disagrees with her teaching, she would answer in the following manner:
I would probably teach evolution and if it was brought up and the child said, 'no no,' that's not how it started, then I would say 'that's fine, you can have your belief but inside the classroom we're gonna talk about what our textbooks discussed.
You can either agree with it or disagree with it but this is just something you need to be educated. You can then voice your opinion. You need to know the other side of your argument just as though I'm learning. I'm trying to broaden my awareness of culture. I think you also need to broaden your knowledge of scientific beliefs as well.
Cases as tools for reflective peer conversations and considerations. Shazia felt that cases helped her realize what the profession of teaching is all about. She indicated that cases provided opportunities to think and talk about the issues over and over again with peers and to learn about teaching and learning on diversity embedded in the experiences of real classroom teachers.
We talked about it in different classes but never in this way of learning how to look, of reading about other teachers' experiences. It was neat to read about teachers and know that we're gonna have similar
situations as them.
As a future classroom teacher, it was helpful for Shazia to see how and what the teachers in the cases did with children from cultures different from their own.
I feel a good thing from reading those cases is, right now I can sit back and critique those teachers, but it gave me an upper hand because now I know what to think when I'm in my own classroom or how to approach things.
Shazia noted that cases are valuable because they provide opportunities for reflection rather than simply showing concrete solutions for problematic situations. For Shazia, cases are opportunities for in-depth reflections; chances to confirm or change beliefs about diversity, and tools for helping teachers consider their actions when faced with similar dilemmas.
I think they were trying to make us more aware of things that happen with multicultural issues and what we can do, and it's more of a reflective thing, they weren't telling us what to do. It was just read the
case and then, what would you do, if you were in that same position, so it was a lot of reflection.
Cases as tools for learning about diversity by sympathizing with and criticizing classroom teachers. Although she disagreed with some of the teachers portrayed in some of the cases, Shazia was sympathetic with these teachers in the contexts of the situations described in the case. By referring to the point that it is easy to sit and critique classroom teachers, Shazia thought that she could not say for certain, "That is really wrong of the teacher to do that."
I was able to be an outsider and look at
what teachers were experiencing and critique what they were doing. But given in that same situation, maybe also I would have said or done the same thing. I was not only able to learn from it but also I was able to sympathize with her and learn from it.
Cases as tools for imagining oneself in a real diverse world, rather than the sterile worlds of textbooks. For Shazia, experiencing case-based pedagogy is better than having a textbook. She noticed that cases include real-life classroom situations that address multicultural issues.
Just by knowing that those things happen and that they are real accounts of teachers' experiences. So just like they happened to them, they can happen to me, too. Just learning from them.
She compared her thoughts about textbook knowledge and case knowledge. First, she thought that learning from textbooks is a harder way of remembering, even though textbooks show many key ideas about diversity issues. "Something you learn in textbooks is harder to remember. You'll remember key things but you don't remember the details." However, she stated that cases helped her read about diversity issues with interest and remember the specifics that may be helpful for her own teaching and learning in the near future.
Cases that I read stay in my mind, I remember them. It's like a story that I remember from, something I did with my friends. It's an anecdote or a vignette, it just stays with you and so when you experience something in your own classroom, you'll think of that, cause it's specific and real. I can look back on it and refresh my memory and never forget the cases that I read. Those are real examples for me.
Through the real-world case vignettes, Shazia saw the life of diverse cultures and was encouraged to learn more about multicultural education. Cases gave her hope and insights about children from other cultures. She told about a multicultural project for another class. For that project, she is using cases.
The case I am using is about a teacher and her experiences with different children. There are a lot of vignettes in it from where the children are actually talking about what they're feeling and how they're feeling isolated and what impact moving from another country has had on them. This little Chinese boy felt like no one was there for him and felt like exhausted from not knowing the language. It's really neat with the book that I'm reading, just reading about the child's point of view.
Shazia was confident
that the cases vicariously put her in the real world of teaching and
positioned her in an authentic context. "The cases really put you
in that world and in that position. They make you think I'm not in
that position, but I could be."
Sources of Learning through Case-Based Pedagogy
Reading, writing, and discussing as sources of reflection and
meaning making. Kate explained that her learning about diversity during
the case-based experiences stemmed from the processes of reflections,
meaning making, and making connections through reading, writing, and
discussing the cases. Kate emphasized how she tried to feel and
experience what the people of the cases were going through and consider
whether it is how she will deal with the situation. Kate noted that
putting herself in the position of the teacher in a case involved much
more than simply reading or looking at the questions that follow the
cases.
I think that when I read through cases I was really connecting by looking through and writing down, trying to put myself in that teacher's role or the student teacher's role in the cases.
Assessing that case-based pedagogy is a good tool for learning about multicultural education, Shazia also felt that reading cases, relating her own experiences to the cases, and writing reflections on cases provided her with the opportunities to think and experience what the teachers in the cases had been experiencing throughout their personal and school lives.
The learning just comes from all three of those things. Like we read the case and we discussed it and we wrote about what we remembered most and the follow up.
It was a really good set up to really make you think and reflect on.
Reading as a source of providing
templates for one's problem solving. Lisa felt that reading cases
had a personal impact on her learning because she could better relate to
the characters in each story. For Lisa, cases were templates for her
problem-solving that can be used when she encounters similar problems in
teaching and learning settings.
She saw how the teachers in the cases dealt with conflicts that
relate to issues she struggles with personally. "When an issue like
that comes up, I know that will come back in my mind and I'll go
back to the case or look through it, on how I would like to handle
that." Lisa believed that by reading cases, she could examine and
witness her own thought processes for problem-solving.
My learning came from reading the cases. As a teacher, when I read the story, I would be thinking about OK what would I do next and what is this person going to do next, and so it made more of like a personal connection. When I read through it that would be my thought process. I question myself in a good way as to what I'm doing and what my thought process
is and procedural processes are.
Writing as
a source of reflection on one's own knowledge and beliefs about
diversity. The three preservice teachers indicated that many of their
thoughts and reflections during case discussions were based on their
written responses to cases.
Lisa emphasized the importance of being able to examine her own
knowledge and personal beliefs about the issues in cases. "The
writing is good because it makes you think about what you really want to
say, what you're really personally believing and it prepares you
for the group discussion." Pointing out the importance of the
writing case responses, Shazia mentioned,
When you actually write it down, that's
your time to reflect on it and I think reflection is a really good way of metacognitive learning. Like when you reflect on something you're just making it stronger for yourself.
Discussion as a source of collaboratively recognizing new and different issues. During the case discussions, Kate found herself in the role of facilitator. The case discussions provided an opportunity for helping peers expand initial thoughts about the dilemmas by sharing her thoughts and opinions with peers. Shazia felt discussing cases with peers helped her think collaboratively about certain diversity issues.
When I discuss something, it just helps me learn it better and stronger for me. By discussing it, I start out reading I'm thinking about it, and I reflect I'm putting my ideas out and I'm putting it all
together. It was just a really good mix of three different types of strategies. Cause you just sit there and read it, and really
not gain as much from it as if you write about it also. Then you gain even more I feel from discussing it.
Suggestions for Experiencing Case-Based Pedagogy Regarding
Diversity
The need for more background information. The preservice teachers
sometimes had difficulties seeing themselves in the complex
multicultural situations due to their lack of knowledge about other
cultures. studies that have explored multicultural This finding is
consistent with previous and diversity issues with participants with
limited cultural experiences (Merryfield, 2000; Morales, 2000, Taylor,
199).
The preservice teachers stated that it would be helpful if the
cases included more detailed background information about the situations
portrayed. Lisa indicated that case authors should consider the readers
or audiences for the cases. However, Kate understood that reading and
discussing cases was a good start to developing an understanding of
various cultures and to building an attitude of open-mindedness, even
though she may not have a thorough knowledge of information relevant to
a particular dilemma:
Make sure that when you're given the case, this is an issue for this culture or this situation. It's just a little slice of the whole piece. But if you're really interested in being open-minded about culture, you need to not just look at bits and pieces that you need to, but to look at a lot of different bits and pieces and really educate yourself.
The importance of readers not creating too many generalizations about cultures. Lisa pointed out that case readers should be cautious not to create too many generalizations about a culture through the limited pictures of a particular vignette. She thought that generalizations about a particular culture could undermine understanding. She positioned herself as an outsider to other cultures in the cases.
I think that perhaps because I am not a member of the case teacher's culture and have not had the same experiences as she has. I am also a student who is reading this case looking for cultural sensitivities.
As an outsider to this culture I would want to be particularly careful not to offend or disrepute [sic] it.
"Put yourself in the person's shoes." Shazia indicated that it was important to put oneself in the person's shoes in cases. She noted that it was easy to critique the characters of cases as an outsider when reading and discussing; however, her university teacher stressed the importance of reflecting upon her own teaching in the same situation rather than simply criticizing.
I remember the first case, Dr. Bechar told all of us, go easy on the teachers, like put yourself in their shoes. I realized I really need to do that because I might make the same mistake too and someone else looking at me could say, oh, that teacher's stupid, why is she even teaching. Whereas,
they don't really know what went on. They need to step into my shoes, into my world and see what I was thinking, and what I was doing, and that quote is what I tried to do with the cases.
Shazia expounded on this point, noting that when one is not putting her/himself in the person's shoes, it is really easy to critique. She now thinks more about "what I can do to fix it instead of just saying, oh, that teacher shouldn't do this or do that."
I really think the first case response I wrote was a lot the tone of it, was very harsh, putting a lot of stipulations on the
teacher, whereas the rest of them I started thinking, what if I was in that situation, I could make that same mistake.
Desire for more cases focusing on different aspects of diversity. Shazia recommended that the next group of elementary preservice teachers have even more cases about diversity.
I think maybe even doing more than five. I know it would be more work for the next group but it was really a good experience to do those cases and to do the work. Yeah, it took time but it really made me think
about what the different things are.
Shazia thought that considering various issues focusing on diversity will help preservice teachers construct deeper knowledge of multicultural issues. Because diversity means more than racial or ethnic issues, she maintained that cases should include a broad range of issues.
Everyone really does know about ethnicity and racial issues regarding multicultural
education. A suggestion would be to try and include some different cases like the barangay community [Filipino neighborhood] and the homeless shelter cases that we read.
Furthermore, Shazia insisted that case-based pedagogy should be utilized in more teacher education classes. She believed that case-based pedagogy made her enjoy learning about diversity in schools by enabling her to consider the holistic aspects of teaching and learning rather than the fragmented knowledge typically presented in each class.
It's interesting to learn why we don't do those things, what the reason behind it is. Even I think, multifaceted of learning in any scenario not just tagging math, social studies, English. We can have so much
other stuff involved that is different.... things to learn from and enjoy.
Discussion
Constructing Knowledge with Sensitivity to Different Cultures
Unlike traditional teaching methods based on textbooks and
lectures, case-based experiences have preservice teachers actively
engaged in creating meanings about their learning, devoting time and
effort to read, analyze, solve problems, and evaluate solutions within
the "contextualized, local, and particular nature of teaching and
learning" (Moje, Remillard, & Wade, 1999, p. 89).
Interacting with case characters within specific sociocultural
contexts, the three preservice teachers became more aware of and
sensitive to new, different, and unfamiliar cultural contexts. Exposing
themselves to diverse cultural issues, cases afforded these preservice
teachers the opportunity to reflect on actual classroom situations in
relation to diversity from multiple perspectives.
In the course of carefully observing the case teachers'
teaching practices, and comparing their own beliefs about diversity in
teaching and learning with those of the case teachers, the preservice
teachers emphasized that they are now more aware of and sensitive to the
subcultures of each individual child. In her work, Nieto (1999)
confirmed this new awareness by stating, "I had never been happy
with what I call the list approach to multicultural education [list of
characteristics that supposedly describe the people of any given
culture] because such lists often cause more problems than they
solve" (Nieto, 1999, p. 189).
Verification of the preservice teachers' positive responses to
case-based pedagogy and diversity issues could be ascertained by
observing their behavior during their student teaching experience the
following semester, where they could be placed in educational settings
composed of diverse student populations.
In-Depth Reflections on Diversity and Personal Beliefs
Cases provide opportunities for preservice teachers to investigate
and reflect upon their own 'knowledge, assumptions, and
beliefs' in teaching and learning (Lunderberg & Fawver, 1994).
Experiencing case dilemmas and making efforts to resolve the issues
regarding diversity during their analyses, the preservice teachers
reported that they connected the case situations to their own
experiences, thoughts, and beliefs about teaching and learning
(Lundeberg, 1999).
In this sense, case-based pedagogy was considered an effective
instructional method to facilitate preservice teachers' reflective
thinking, providing them with opportunities to experiment with case
dilemmas from various perspectives and to clarify and re-structure their
beliefs about teaching and learning.
Developing and changing their beliefs, the preservice teachers
believed that their culture is not always the norm in the world; it is
mediated by relationships with the surrounding people. This implies that
the preservice teachers' alteration of beliefs may later have a
positive impact on their teaching practice (Lundeberg, 1999; Lundeberg
& Fawver, 1994; Pajares, 1992). The preservice teachers pointed out
that continuous peer conversations and social interactions about
diversity issues help them become more reflective about teaching and
learning practice. Cases are "value-laden, if not explicitly, then
certainly implicitly ... dialogue allows us and our students to
transcend the limitations of our own experience and values"
(Harrington & Garrison, 1992, p. 717).
The preservice teachers noted that case-based pedagogy is
"definitely" better than textbooks in terms of opportunities
for in-depth reflection about diversity in teaching and learning
situations. Experiencing cases, they could challenge or confirm their
personal beliefs rather than simply conforming to existing theory or
"truth." They commented that they thought about other sides of
arguments, adapt the ideas obtained from the university to actual
working examples, and imagined themselves in real classrooms in the
diverse context of cases.
For them, textbook knowledge was a "harder way of remembering
even though so many key ideas about diversity" can be found in
books. The preservice teachers think that cases providing authentic
context are "better than looking at an encyclopedia." Yet the
preservice teachers pointed out that learning from case-based pedagogy
required more time for in-depth reflection; they note that it is not
easy to develop meaningful learning by simply reading the cases;
in-class case discussions were deemed critical.
Sources of Learning through Case-Based Pedagogy
The preservice teachers indicated that case reading, responding to
questions, and discussions are all interconnected. They felt that every
process helped their reflection and meaning making. They suggested that
case reading stimulated their thought processes by providing templates
for reflecting and solving educational dilemmas.
The preservice teachers pointed out that case discussion, in
particular, helped them expand initial thoughts about case dilemmas by
helping them to recognize new and different issues and uncover more
information relevant to the case dilemmas. Rather than being passive
recipients of transmitted "right," fixed and static answers in
education, the preservice teachers put one another in the role of
facilitators.
They considered case discussions to be a collaborative learning
process and a form of peer mentoring where they learn by sharing their
own ideas about teaching and learning. "Read alone, they offer the
vicarious experience of walking in another's shoes. But in group
discussion, they are especially powerful, allowing differing points of
view to be aired and examined" (Shulman & Mesa-Bains, 1993,
p.v)
Suggestions for Experiencing Case-Based Pedagogy Regarding
Diversity
Effective cases "describe in vivid detail the sociopolitical
context in which students live.... Details such as these need to be
included in culturally relevant cases so that the influence of other
contexts can be taken into account in explaining students' school
experiences" (Nieto, 1999, p. 191). Similarly, the preservice
teachers in the study reported the need for thorough knowledge of
information relevant to a particular dilemma.
Feeling that it is easy to criticize case teachers as an outsider,
the preservice teachers pointed out that case readers should reflect on
the case teachers' unique teaching situations. Feeling that
over-generalization may actually be harmful or offensive to cultures,
the preservice teachers also indicated that case readers should not
generalize too much about the various cultures represented in the cases.
In addition, the preservice teachers expressed the desire to
experience even more cases about diversity. They felt that cases showed
them holistic features of teaching and learning that can be difficult to
grasp through more traditional forms of instruction. Accordingly, they
indicated their desire to experience other aspects of diversity through
case-based pedagogy.
Based on our findings, we surmise that the case-study experience
for these three young soon-to-be teachers should be one upon which they
can draw when they find themselves in a classroom of diverse students,
who need them to teach in a culturally relevant manner. As teacher
educators, our belief that case-based pedagogy can be an effective tool
for increasing teachers' knowledge and understanding of diversity
issues in the classroom was confirmed.
Our findings are instructive for understanding how to integrate
case-based pedagogy into teacher preparation programs. It is hoped that
the findings of this study can be used to illuminate the benefits of
using cased-based pedagogy in teacher preparation programs, as teacher
educators seek effective strategies for preparing teacher candidates to
work in diverse educational settings.
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Malcolm B. Butler is an assistant professor in the Mathematics and
Science Education Department of the College of Education at the
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Seungyoun Lee is an assistant
professor of education at Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce,
Texas; and Deborah J. Tippins is a professor of elementary and science
education in the College of Education at the University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia.