| 3989995 | Frequency stabilized single-ended regulated converter circuit | Peterson | 321/2 | |
| 4441146 | Optimal resetting of the transformer's core in single ended forward converters | Vinciarelli | 363/20 | |
| 4618919 | Topology for miniature power supply with low voltage and low ripple requirements | Martin, Jr. | 363/21 | |
| 4716514 | Synchronous power rectifier | Patel | 363/127 | |
| 4788634 | Resonant forward converter | Schlecht et al. | 363/21 | |
| 4809148 | Full-fluxed, single-ended DC converter | Barn | 363/20 | |
| 4857822 | Zero-voltage-switched multi-resonant converters including the buck and forward type | Tabisz et al. | 363/16 | |
| 4870555 | High-efficiency DC-to-DC power supply with synchronous rectification | White | 363/21 | |
| 4899271 | Power supply circuit | Seiersen | 363/126 | |
| 4903189 | Low noise, high frequency synchronous rectifier | Ngo et al. | 363/127 | |
| 4931716 | Constant frequency zero-voltage-switching multi-resonant converter | Jovanovic et al. | 323/285 | |
| 4959764 | DC/DC converter switching at zero voltage | Bassett | 363/16 | |
| 4975821 | High frequency switched mode resonant commutation power supply | Lethellier | 363/21 | |
| 5066900 | DC/DC converter switching at zero voltage | Bassett | 323/224 | |
| 5099406 | DC-DC converter with surge voltage prevention | Harada et al. | 363/20 | |
| 5126651 | Gate drive circuit for a synchronous rectifier | Gauen | 323/222 | |
| 5126931 | Fixed frequency single ended forward converter switching at zero voltage | Jitaru | 363/21 | |
| 5179512 | Gate drive for synchronous rectifiers in resonant converters | Fisher et al. | 363/127 | |
| 5231563 | Square wave converter having an improved zero voltage switching operation | Jitaru | 363/98 | |
| 5268830 | Drive circuit for power switches of a zero-voltage switching power converter | Loftus, Jr. | 363/17 | |
| 5274543 | Zero-voltage switching power converter with lossless synchronous rectifier gate drive | Loftus, Jr. | 363/127 | |
| 5282123 | Clamped mode DC-DC converter | Boylan et al. | ||
| 5291382 | Pulse width modulated DC/DC converter with reduced ripple current coponent stress and zero voltage switching capability | Cohen | 363/16 | |
| 5303138 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters | Rozman | 363/21 | |
| 5353212 | Zero-voltage switching power converter with ripple current cancellation | Loftus, Jr. | 363/17 | |
| 5434768 | Fixed frequency converter switching at zero voltage | Jitaru et al. | 363/21 | |
| 5528480 | Highly efficient rectifying and converting circuit for computer power supplies | Kikinis et al. | 363/15 | |
| 5528482 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters | Rozman | 363/21 | |
| 5535112 | DC/DC conversion circuit | Lopez et al. | 363/20 | |
| 5541828 | Multiple output converter with continuous power transfer to an output and with multiple output regulation | Rozman | 363/21 | |
| 5636116 | Synchronous rectifier impervious to reverse feed | Milavec et al. | 363/89 |
| EP0058400 | High frequency switching circuit. | |||
| EP0289186 | Process for increasing the growth rate and enhancing the feed efficiency of meat producing livestock. | |||
| EP0428377 | DC/DC switching converter circuit. | |||
| EP0474471 | Fixed frequency single ended forward converter switching at zero voltage. | |||
| EP0508664 | DC to DC converter. | |||
| SU892614 | ||||
| WO/1983/002858 | OPTIMAL RESETTING OF THE TRANSFORMER'S CORE IN SINGLE ENDED FORWARD CONVERTERS | |||
| WO/1989/008347 | VOLTAGE CONVERTER |
This invention relates to synchronous rectification and to a power converter employing synchronous rectification. It is particularly concerned with a self synchronized rectifier combined with a converter.
A converter is a power processing circuit, that may have an input-output transformer isolation, that operates to convert an input voltage waveform with a DC component into an output DC voltage waveform. The presence of an isolation transformer requires the use of a rectifier circuit in the converter output circuit to perform the waveform conversion. The traditional rectifier uses rectifying diodes that conduct the load current only when forward biased in response to the input waveform. In some rectifiers (i.e. synchronous rectifiers) the diodes are replaced by controlled switches that are periodically biased into conduction and nonconduction in synchronism with the periodic waveform to be rectified. In self-synchronized synchronous rectifiers the biasing of the synchronous switches is supplied directly from a secondary winding of a transformer without requiring a separate drive to activate the synchronous switches.
Self-synchronized synchronous rectifiers come in many forms, all designed to meet specified operating constraints. The challenge, in each instance, is to devise synchronous rectifier circuitry that is efficient (i.e. has low power dissipation) in performing the rectification process. The specific circuit topology of the synchronous rectifier is dependent in large part on the converter type being used and its operating characteristics (i.e. hard switched rs. soft switched). Application of self synchronized synchronous rectifiers to hard switched buck derived converter topologies, for example, is limited by a variable transformer reset voltage that often causes the voltage across the transformer windings to be essentially zero during a portion of each switching cycle. During this time, the synchronous rectifier switch that should be conducting is operating in a dissipative or cut-off mode causing a serious shortfall in efficiency. An example of a circuit that eliminates the problem of zero voltage across the transformer is provided in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,138 which discloses an improved forward converter combined with a self synchronized synchronous rectifier. In this circuit the reset voltage is clamped and maintained over the non conducting interval of the main power switch and hence causes the rectifier to operate over the entire non conducting interval. In this arrangement the gate drive signal is directly dependent upon the voltage of the secondary winding which in turn is dependent upon the input voltage and load. In practice the voltages of the secondary winding may vary over a substantial range and there is the possibility of insufficient drive voltage for a rectifier that is conducting, causing it to operate in either a dissipative mode or a cut-off mode. This deficiency is quite likely for converters that deliver low output voltages.
In a circuit disclosed by L. Hubler et al (APEC 94 page 645, entitled “Design of a High Efficiency Power Converter For a Satellite Solid-State Power Amplifier”), the problem of insufficient drive voltage is overcome by including separate windings on the power transformer to drive the synchronous rectifier switches. However, when the turns of the drive windings are set high enough to ensure adequate drive voltage for all operating conditions of input voltage and load, excessive drive voltage is typically generated at some operating condition. This causes excessive power dissipation or failure of the synchronous rectifier switch.
In another U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,543 voltage limiting (gate drive) switches are disclosed as a means for limiting dissipation in the drive circuit for the synchronous rectifiers.
A power converter with a self-synchronized rectifier that includes one or two drive windings that do not carry load current but instead drive the control electrode(s) of one or both controlled rectifier switches (FETs). The drive winding(s) are connected in such a way that the switched devices rectify the periodic voltage waveform present at the secondary winding of the power transformer of the converter, with the turns of the drive winding(s) selected to provide sufficient drive signal levels under all operating conditions of input voltage and load. Additional switches may be connected in series with the control electrodes of the rectifier switches to limit the applied voltage. This drive circuit ensures that the drive voltage is always large enough to bias the proper synchronous-rectifier switch conducting, but not so large that it damages the switch or dissipates excessive power.
In one arrangement of the drive circuit, an extra winding is included in the power transformer, and each of its leads is connected to the control electrode of one synchronous-rectifier switch. In another arrangement, a separate drive transformer is provided to supply the gate drive signals. In either of these arrangements, there may be voltage-limiting switches connected between the drive winding and the control electrode of each synchronous-rectifier switch.
In a third arrangement, one or two extra windings are included in die power transformer and for each one, one lead is connected to the secondary winding and the other is connected to a voltage-limiting switch, of a series connection of two voltage limiting switches which is connected to the control electrode of a synchronous-rectifier switch.
A power converter, such as shown in
The power transformer
The operation of the converter may be readily understood through the following description and by reference to the voltage waveforms shown in the FIG.
Current now has stopped flowing into the gate of switch
Between times t=t
Initially, at the start of this interval, switch
Circuit resonances are produced by the switching in the circuit due to the interaction between parasitic capacitances and inductances of the circuit. These resonances cause tinging in the drain-to-source voltage waveforms of switches
Many variations of the circuit of
In the circuit variations of
The drive circuit in
During turn-on of synchronous-rectifier switch
Another means of boosting the drive voltage for self-driven synchronous rectifiers is illustrated in FIG.