| EP0063365 | 1,4-Dihydropyridine derivative and pharmaceutical composition containing same. | |||
| EP0184162 | Tricyclo compounds, a process for their production and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same. | |||
| WO/1990/013332 | STENT WITH SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERY | |||
| WO/2001/001957 | LOCAL DRUG DELIVERY | |||
| WO/2001/041678 | OPEN-CELLED MICROCELLULAR POLYMERIC FOAMS FOR USE AS VASCULAR GRAFTS AND STENT COVERS |
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/258,024, filed Dec. 22, 2000, under 37 C.F.R. §1.78(a)(3), the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods. More particularly, the present invention provides luminal prostheses, such as vascular stents and grafts, which allow for controlled substance delivery for inhibiting restenosis in a blood vessel following balloon angioplasty or other interventional treatments.
A number of percutaneous intravascular procedures have been developed for treating stenotic atherosclerotic regions of a patient's vasculature to restore adequate blood flow. The most successful of these treatments is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). In PTA, a catheter, having an expansible distal end usually in the form of an inflatable balloon, is positioned in the blood vessel at the stenotic site. The expansible end is expanded to dilate the vessel to restore adequate blood flow beyond the diseased region. Other procedures for opening stenotic regions include directional arthrectomy, rotational arthrectomy, laser angioplasty, stenting, and the like. While these procedures have gained wide acceptance (either alone or in combination, particularly PTA in combination with stenting), they continue to suffer from significant disadvantages. A particularly common disadvantage with PTA and other known procedures for opening stenotic regions is the frequent occurrence of restenosis.
Restenosis refers to the re-narrowing of an artery after an initially successful angioplasty. Restenosis afflicts approximately up to 50% of all angioplasty patients and is the result of injury to the blood vessel wall during the lumen opening angioplasty procedure. In some patients, the injury initiates a repair response that is characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation referred to as “hyperplasia” in the region traumatized by the angioplasty. This proliferation of smooth muscle cells re-narrows the lumen that was opened by the angioplasty within a few weeks to a few months, thereby necessitating a repeat PTA or other procedure to alleviate the restenosis.
A number of strategies have been proposed to treat hyperplasia and reduce restenosis. Previously proposed strategies include prolonged balloon inflation during angioplasty, treatment of the blood vessel with a heated balloon, treatment of the blood vessel with radiation following angioplasty, stenting of the region, and other procedures. While these proposals have enjoyed varying levels of success, no one of these procedures is proven to be entirely successful in completely avoiding all occurrences of restenosis and hyperplasia.
As an alternative or adjunctive to the above mentioned therapies, the administration of therapeutic agents following PTA for the inhibition of restenosis has also been proposed. Therapeutic treatments usually entail pushing or releasing a drug through a catheter or from a stent. Of particular interest herein, stents may incorporate a biodegradable or nondegradable matrix to provide programmed or controlled release of therapeutic agents within a blood vessel. Biodegradable or bioerodible matrix materials employed for controlled release of drugs may include poly-1-lactic acid/poly-e-caprolactone copolymer, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polycaprolactone, poly vinly acetate, polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhyroxyvalerate copolymer, polyglycolic acid, polyactic/polyglycolic acid copolymers and other aliphatic polyesters, among a wide variety of polymeric substrates employed for this purpose.
While holding great promise, the delivery of therapeutic agents for the inhibition of restenosis has not been entirely successful. In particular, the release of drugs from stents has often been characterized by inconsistent and/or ineffective results because therapeutic agents are often released before they are needed, i.e., before hyperplasia and endothelialization begin. Drug delivery before any cellular or endothelial formation may also pose serious dangers, especially when dealing with the delivery of certain toxic agents. Furthermore, a rapid initial release of drugs causes delayed endothelialization and/or enlargement of the vessel wall, as a substantial number of cells are killed with increased drug loading. The use of drug release matrices can ameliorate the rapid release problems but do not provide programmed time-delay to impact restenosis at the onset of hyperplasia.
For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide improved devices and methods for reducing and/or inhibiting restenosis and hyperplasia following angioplasty and other interventional treatments. In particular, it would be desirable to provide improved devices and methods, utilizing luminal prostheses, such as vascular stents and grafts, which provide programmed and controlled substance delivery with increased efficacy to inhibit restenosis. It would further be desirable to provide such devices and methods which would reduce and/or further eliminate drug washout and potentially provide minimal to no hindrance to endothelialization of the vessel wall. At least some of these objectives will be met by the devices and methods of the present invention described hereinafter.
2. Description of the Background Art
U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,257, suggests that a stent could be used to deliver mycophenolic acid to a blood vessel. Mycophenolic acid methods of production and uses, some of which are intravascular, are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,052; 5,916,585; 5,807,876; 5,646,160; 5,563,146; 5,516,781; 4,786,637; 4,753,935; 4,727,069; 4,686,234; 4,234,684; 4,115,197; 3,903,071; 3,880,995; 3,868,454; 3,777,020; 3,705,946; and 3,705,894. Inhibitory effects of mycophenolic acid on human and rat aortic smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation is described in Mohacsi et al.,
Method and apparatus for releasing active substances from implantable and other devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,096,070; 5,824,049; 5,624,411; 5,609,629; 5,569,463; 5,447,724; and 5,464,650. The use of stents for drug delivery within the vasculature are described in PCT Publication No. WO 01/01957 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,099,561; 6,071,305; 6,063,101; 5,997,468; 5,980,551; 5,980,566; 5,972,027; 5,968,092; 5,951,586; 5,893,840; 5,891,108; 5,851,231; 5,843,172; 5,837,008; 5,769,883; 5,735,811; 5,700,286; 5,679,400; 5,649,977; 5,637,113; 5,591,227; 5,551,954; 5,545,208; 5,500,013; 5,464,450; 5,419,760; 5,411,550; 5,342,348; 5,286,254; and 5,163,952. Biodegradable materials are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,276; 5,879,808; 5,876,452; 5,656,297; 5,543,158; 5,484,584; 5,176,907; 4,894,231; 4,897,268; 4,883,666; 4,832,686; and 3,976,071. The use of hydrocylosiloxane as a rate limiting barrier is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,010. Methods for coating of stents is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,433. Coatings to enhance biocompatibility of implantable devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,010; 5,112,457; and 5,067,491.
The disclosure of this application is related to the disclosures of the following copending applications being filed on the same day: U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/783,253; 09/783,254; and 09/782,804.
The full disclosures of each of the above references are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention provides improved devices and methods for inhibiting restenosis and hyperplasia after intravascular intervention. In particular, the present invention provides luminal prostheses which allow for programmed and controlled mycophenolic acid delivery with increased efficiency and/or efficacy to selected locations within a patient's vasculature to inhibit restenosis. Moreover, the present invention provides minimal to no hindrance to endothelialization of the vessel wall.
The term “intravascular intervention” includes a variety of corrective procedures that may be performed to at least partially resolve a stenotic, restenotic, or thrombotic condition in a blood vessel, usually an artery, such as a coronary artery. Usually, the corrective procedure will comprise balloon angioplasty. The corrective procedure could also comprise directional atherectomy, rotational atherectomy, laser angioplasty, stenting, or the like, where the lumen of the treated blood vessel is enlarged to at least partially alleviate a stenotic condition which existed prior to the treatment.
Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive drug produced by the fermentation of several penicillium brevi-compactum and related species (
Mycophenolic acid acts by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and guanosine monophosphate synthetase enzymes in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. This may cause the cells to accumulate in the G1-S phase of the cell cycle and thus result in inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation (hyperplasia). In the present application, the term “mycophenolic acid” is used to refer to mycophenolic acid itself and to pro-drugs and/or pharmaceutically derivatives thereof (precursor substances that are converted into an active form of mycophenolic acid in the body). For example, a pro-drug such as mycophenolate mofetil may be biotransformed or metabolically converted to a biologically active form of mycophenolic acid when administered in the body. A number of derivatives of mycophenolic acid are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,786,637, 4,753,935, 4,727,069, 4,686,234, 3,903,071, and 3,705,894, all incorporated herein by reference, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
In a first aspect of the present invention, a vascular prosthesis comprises an expansible structure which is implantable within a body lumen and means on or within the structure for releasing mycophenolic acid at a rate selected to minimize and/or inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Mycophenolic acid release will typically be at rates in a range from 5 μg/day to 200 μg/day, preferably in a range from 10 μg/day to 60 μg/day. The total amount of mycophenolic acid released will typically be in a range from 100 μg to 10 mg, preferably in a range from 300 μg to 2 mg, more preferably in a range from 500 μg to 1.5 mg. Thus, the present invention improves the efficiency and efficacy of mycophenolic acid delivery by releasing mycophenolic acid at a rate and/or time which inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation.
The expansible structure may be in the form of a stent, which additionally maintains luminal patency, or may be in the form of a graft, which additionally protects or enhances the strength of a luminal wall. The expansible structure may be radially expansible and/or self-expanding and is preferably suitable for luminal placement in a body lumen. The body lumen may be any blood vessel in the patient's vasculature, including veins, arteries, aorta, and particularly including coronary and peripheral arteries, as well as previously implanted grafts, shunts, fistulas, and the like. It will be appreciated that the present invention may also be applied to other body lumens, such as the biliary duct, which are subject to excessive neoplastic cell growth, as well as to many internal corporeal tissue organs, such as organs, nerves, glands, ducts, and the like. An exemplary stent for use in the present invention is described in co-pending application No. 09/565,560, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a first embodiment, the means for releasing mycophenolic acid comprises a matrix formed over at least a portion of the structure. The matrix may be composed of a material which is degradable, partially degradable, nondegradable polymer, synthetic, or natural material. Mycophenolic acid may be disposed within the matrix or adjacent to the matrix in a pattern that provides the desired release rate. Alternatively, mycophenolic acid may be disposed on or within the expansible structure adjacent to the matrix to provide the desired release rate. Suitable biodegradable or bioerodible matrix materials include polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polycaprolactone, poly vinly acetate, polyhydroxybutyrate-polyhyroxyvalerate, polyglycolic acid, polyactic/polyglycolic acid copolymers and other aliphatic polyesters, among a wide variety of polymeric substrates employed for this purpose. A preferred biodegradable matrix material of the present invention is a copolymer of poly-1-lactic acid and poly-e-caprolactone. Suitable nondegradable matrix materials include polyurethane, polyethylene imine, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, or the like.
The polymer matrix may degrade by bulk degradation, in which the matrix degrades throughout, or preferably by surface degradation, in which a surface of the matrix degrades over time while maintaining bulk integrity. Hydrophobic matrices are preferred as they tend to release mycophenolic acid at the desired release rate. Alternatively, a nondegradable matrix may release the substance by diffusion.
In some instances, the matrix may comprise multiple adjacent layers of same or different matrix material, wherein at least one layer contains mycophenolic acid and another layer contains mycophenolic acid, at least one substance other than mycophenolic acid, or no substance. For example, mycophenolic acid disposed within a top degradable layer of the matrix is released as the top matrix layer degrades and a second substance disposed within an adjacent nondegradable matrix layer is released primarily by diffusion. In some instances, multiple substances may be disposed within a single matrix layer.
The at least one substance other than mycophenolic acid may comprise an immunosuppressive agent selected from the group consisting of rapamycin, mizoribine, riboflavin, tiazofurin, methylprednisolone, FK 506, zafurin, and methotrexate. Such immunosuppressive substances, like mycophenolic acid, may be useful in the present invention to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Alternatively, the at least one substance other than mycophenolic acid may comprise at least one agent selected from the group consisting of anti-platelet agent (e.g., plavax, ticlid), anti-thrombotic agent (e.g., heparin, heparin derivatives), and IIb/IIIa agent (e.g., integrilin, reopro). The agent may also be a pro-drug of any of the above listed agents.
Additionally, a rate limiting barrier may be formed adjacent to the structure and/or the matrix. Such rate limiting barriers may be nonerodible or nondegradable, such as silicone, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), parylene, and PARYLAST™, and control the flow rate of release passing through the rate limiting barrier. In such a case, mycophenolic acid may be released by diffusion through the rate limiting barrier. Furthermore, a biocompatible or blood compatible layer, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), may be formed over the matrix or rate limiting barrier to make the delivery prosthesis more biocompatible.
In another embodiment, the means for releasing the substance may comprise a rate limiting barrier formed over at least a portion of the structure. Mycophenolic acid may be disposed within the barrier or adjacent to the barrier. The rate limiting barrier may have a sufficient thickness so as to provide the desired release rate of mycophenolic acid. Rate limiting barriers will typically have a total thickness in a range from 0.01 micron to 100 microns, preferably in a range from 0.1 micron to 10 microns, to provide mycophenolic acid release at the desired release rate. The rate limiting barrier is typically nonerodible such as silicone, PTFE, PARYLAST™, polyurethane, parylene, or a combination thereof and mycophenolic acid release through such rate limiting barriers is usually accomplished by diffusion. In some instances, the rate limiting barrier may comprise multiple adjacent layers of same or different barrier material, wherein at least one layer contains mycophenolic acid and another layer contains mycophenolic acid, at least one substance other than mycophenolic acid, or no substance. Multiple substances may also be contained within a single barrier layer.
In yet another embodimnet, the means for releasing the substance comprises a reservoir on or within the structure containing mycophenolic acid and a cover over the reservoir. The cover may be degradable or partially degradable over a preselected time period so as to provide the desired mycophenolic acid release rate. The cover may comprise a polymer matrix, as described above, which contains mycophenolic acid within the reservoir. A rate limiting barrier, such as silicone, may additionally be formed adjacent to the reservoir and/or the cover, thus allowingmycophenolic acid to be released by diffusion through the rate limiting barrier. Alternatively, the cover may be a nondegradable matrix or a rate limiting barrier.
Another vascular prosthesis comprises an expansible structure which is implantable within a body lumen and a rate limiting barrier on the structure for releasing mycophenolic acid at a rate selected to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. The barrier comprises multiple layers, wherein each layer comprises PARYLAST™ or parylene and has a thickness in a range from 50 nm to 10 microns. At least one layer contains mycophenolic acid and another layer contains mycophenolic acid, at least one substance other than mycophenolic acid, or no substance.
Yet another vascular prosthesis comprises an expansible structure, a source of mycophenolic acid on or within the structure, and a source of at least one other substance in addition to mycophenolic acid on or within the structure. The mycophenolic acid is released from the source when the expansible structure is implanted in a blood vessel. The at least one additional substance is released from the source when the expansible structure is implanted in a blood vessel. Each source may comprise a matrix, rate limiting membrane, reservoir, or other rate controlling means as described herein. The at least one additional substance may be an immunosuppressive substance selected from the group consisting of rapamycin, mizoribine, riboflavin, tiazofurin, methylprednisolone, FK 506, zafurin, and methotrexate. Optionally, the at least one additional substance may comprise at least one agent selected from the group consisting of anti-platelet agent, anti-thrombotic agent, and IIb/IIIa agent.
In another aspect of the present invention, methods for inhibiting restenosis in a blood vessel following recanalization of the blood vessel are provided. For example, one method may include implanting a vascular prosthesis in the body lumen to prevent reclosure of the blood vessel. Mycophenolic acid is then released at a rate selected to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. The releasing comprises delaying substantial release of mycophenolic acid for at least one hour following implantation of the prosthesis. The inhibiting release may comprise slowing release from a reservoir with a material that at least partially degrades in a vascular environment over said one hour. In some instances, release may be slowed with a matrix that at least partially degrades in a vascular environment over said one hour. In other instances, release may be slowed with a nondegradable matrix or rate limiting barrier that allows diffusion of mycophenolic acid through said nondegradable matrix or barrier after said one hour. Mycophenolic acid release will typically be at rates in a range from 5 μg/day to 200 μg/day, preferably in a range from 10 μg/day to 60 μg/day. Typically, mycophenolic acid is released within a time period of 1 day to 45 days in a vascular environment, preferably in a time period of 7 day to 21 days in a vascular environment.
The prosthesis may be coated with a matrix or barrier by spraying, dipping, deposition, or painting. Such coatings may be non-uniform. For example, the coating may be applied to only one side of the prosthesis or the coating may be thicker on one side. Likewise, the prosthesis may also incorporate mycophenolic acid by coating, spraying, dipping, deposition, chemical bonding, or painting mycophenolic acid on all or partial surfaces of the prosthesis.
Another method for inhibiting restenosis in a blood vessel following recanalization of the blood vessel comprises implanting a vascular prosthesis in the blood vessel to prevent reclosure. Mycophenolic acid and at least one other substance in addition to mycophenolic acid are released when the prosthesis is implanted in the blood vessel. The at least one additional substance may be an immunosuppressive substance selected from the group consisting of rapamycin, mizoribine, riboflavin, tiazofurin, methylprednisolone, FK 506, zafurin, and methotrexate. Preferably, the immunosuppressive substance is mizoribine or methylprednisolone. For example, mycophenolic acid may be released within a time period of 1 day to 45 days and methylprednisolone may be released within a time period of 2 days to 3 months. Optionally, the at least one additional substance may comprise at least one agent selected from the group consisting of anti-platelet agent, anti-thrombotic agent, and IIb/IIIa agent. Release of mycophenolic acid and the at least additional substance may be simultaneous or sequential.
The present invention provides improved devices and methods for inhibiting restenosis and hyperplasia after intravascular intervention. In particular, the present invention provides luminal prostheses which allow for programmed and controlled mycophenolic acid delivery with increased efficacy to selected locations within a patient's vasculature to inhibit restenosis.
It will be appreciated that the following depictions are for illustration purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the actual shape, size, or distribution of the delivery prosthesis
The body lumen
The scaffold
By “radially expansible,” it is meant that the segment can be converted from a small diameter configuration to a radially expanded, usually cylindrical, configuration which is achieved when the scaffold
Alternatively, the scaffold
The dimensions of the scaffold
The ring segments may be formed from conventional materials used for body lumen stents and grafts, typically being formed from malleable metals, such as 300 series stainless steel, or from resilient metals, such as superelastic and shape memory alloys, e.g., Nitinol™ alloys, spring stainless steels, and the like. It is possible that the body segments could be formed from combinations of these metals, or combinations of these types of metals and other non-metallic materials. Additional structures for the body or unit segments of the present invention are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,195,417; 5,102,417; and 4,776,337, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppresion drug. MPA is produced by penicillium brevi-compactum and related species (
Mycophenolic acid delivery may perform a variety of functions, including preventing or minimizing proliferative/restenotic activity, inhibiting thrombus formation, inhibiting platelet activation, preventing vasospasm, or the like. The total amount of mycophenolic acid released depends in part on the level and amount of vessel injury, and will typically be in a range from 100 μg to 10 mg, preferably in a range from 300 μg to 2 mg, more preferably in a range from 500 μg to 1.5 mg. The release rate during the initial phase will typically be from 0 μg/day to 50 μg/day, usually from 5 μg/day to 30 μg/day. The mycophenolic acid release rate during the subsequent phase will be much higher, typically being in the range from 5 μg/day to 200 μg/day, usually from 10 μg/day to 100 μg/day. Thus, the initial release rate will typically be from 0% to 99% of the subsequent release rates, usually from 0% to 90%, preferably from 0% to 75%. A mammalian tissue concentration of the substance at an initial phase will typically be within a range from 0 μg/mg of tissue to 100 μg/mg of tissue, preferably from 0 μg/mg of tissue to 10 μg/mg of tissue. A mammalian tissue concentration of the substance at a subsequent phase will typically be within a range from 1 picogram/mg of tissue to 100 μg/mg of tissue, preferably from 1 nanogram/mg of tissue to 10 μg/mg of tissue.
The duration of the initial, subsequent, and any other additional phases may vary. Typically, the initial phase will be sufficiently long to allow initial cellularization or endothelialization of at least part of the stent, usually being less than 12 weeks, more usually from 1 hour to 8 weeks, more preferably from 12 hours to 2 weeks, most preferably from 1 day to 1 week. The durations of the subsequent phases may also vary, typically being from 4 hours to 24 weeks, more usually from 1 day to 12 weeks, more preferably in a time period of 2 days to 8 weeks in a vascular environment, most preferably in a time period of 3 days to 50 days in a vascular environment.
In some instances, the release profile of mycophenolic acid over a predetermined time may allow for a higher release rate during an initial phase, typically from 40 μg/day to 300 μg/day, usually from 40 μg/day to 200 μg/day. In such instances, mycophenolic acid release during the subsequent phase will be much lower, typically being in the range from 1 μg/day to 100 μg/day, usually from 10 μg/day to 40 μg/day. The duration of the initial phase period for the higher release rate will be in a range from 1 day to 7 days, with the subsequent phase period for the lower release rate being in a range from 2 days to 45 days. A mammalian tissue concentration of the substance at the initial phase of 1-7 days will typically be within a range from 10 nanogram/mg of tissue to 100 μg/mg of tissue. A mammalian tissue concentration of the substance at the subsequent phase of 2-45 days will typically be within a range from 0.1 nanogram/mg of tissue to 10 μg/mg of tissue. In other instances, the release of mycophenolic acid may be constant at a rate between 5 μg/day to 200 μg/day for a duration of time in the range from 1 day to 45 days. A mammalian tissue concentration over this period of 1-45 days will typically be within a range from 1 nanogram/mg of tissue to 10 μg/mg of tissue.
In one embodiment, the means for releasing mycophenolic acid comprises a matrix or coat
It will be appreciated that the scaffold
An example of a biodegradable matrix material of the present invention is a copolymer of poly-1-lactic acid (having an average molecular weight of about 200,000 daltons) and poly-e-caprolactone (having an average molecular weight of about 30,000 daltons). Poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) is a semi crystalline polymer with a melting point in a range from 59° C. to 64° C. and a degradation time of about 2 years. Thus, poly-1-lactic acid (PLLA) can be combined with PCL to form a matrix that generates the desired release rates. A preferred ratio of PLLA to PCL is 75:25 (PLLA/PCL). As generally described by Rajasubramanian et al. in
The polymer matrix
Referring now to
In another embodiment, as illustrated in
In operation, methods for mycophenolic acid delivery comprise providing a luminal prosthesis incorporating or coupled to the mycophenolic acid. The prosthesis is coated with a matrix which undergoes degradation in a vascular environment (FIGS.
Mycophenolic acid may be incorporated in a reservoir in a scaffold, as shown in
The prosthesis
For example, a stainless steel Duraflex™ stent, having dimensions of 3.0 mm×14 mm is sprayed with a solution of 25 mg/ml mycophenolic acid (sold commercially by Sigma Chemicals) in a 100% ethanol or methanol solvent. The stent is dried and the ethanol is evaporated leaving the mycophenolic acid on a stent surface. A 75:25 PLLA/PCL copolymer (sold commercially by Polysciences) is prepared in 1,4 Dioxane (sold commercially by Aldrich Chemicals). The mycophenolic acid loaded stent is loaded on a mandrel rotating at 200 rpm and a spray gun (sold commercially by Binks Manufacturing) dispenses the copolymer solution in a fine spray on to the mycophenolic acid loaded stent as it rotates for a 10-30 second period. The stent is then placed in a oven at 25-35° C. up to 24 hours to complete evaporation of the solvent.
In a further embodiment, the means for releasing mycophenolic acid may comprise a reservoir on or within the scaffold holding the mycophenolic acid (as shown in
For example, an ultrasound external energy source may be used having a frequency in a range from 20 kHz to 100 MHz, preferably in a range from 0.1 MH z to 20 MHz, and an intensity level in a range from 0.05 W/cm
In yet another embodiment, as depicted in
Referring now to
Referring now to
In general, it will be possible to combine elements of the differing prostheses and treatment methods as described above. For example, a prosthesis having reservoir means for releasing mycophenolic acid as illustrated in
The use of mycophenolic acid for intravascular delivery is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
The following data was published by Mohacsi et al. in
Human smooth muscle cells (SMC) were treated with varying doses (0.1 nmol/L-100 μmole/L) of immunosuppressant drugs (MPA, rapamycin, cyclosporine, leflunomide). The cells were examined for proliferation (tritiated thymidine assay) and viability (tetrazolium sal (MTT) assay).
| Cell Type | Drug | Range | IC50 |
| Human SMC | MPA | 0.1 nM-100 μM | 1 μM |
| Rapamycin | 0.1 nM-1 μM | 1 nM | |
| Cyclosporine | 0.1 nM-100 μM | 1 μM* | |
| Leflunomide | 0.1 nM-100 μM | no inhibition | |
The above experiment suggests that MPA is an effective antiproliferative agent for SMC. Recent test data, acquired by the assignee of the present invention, also suggest MPA effectiveness as an antiproliferative agent for SMC without negative impact on the viability of cells when MPA is administered in a range from 50 μg to 300 μg.
A stainless steel Duraflex™ stent, having dimensions of 3.0 mm×14 mm is sprayed with a solution of 25 mg/ml mycophenolic acid (sold commercially by Sigma Chemicals) in a 100% ethanol or methanol solvent. The stent is dried and the ethanol is evaporated leaving the mycophenolic acid on a stent surface. A 75:25 PLLA/PCL copolymer (sold commercially by Polysciences) is prepared in 1,4 Dioxane (sold commercially by Aldrich Chemicals). The mycophenolic acid loaded stent is loaded on a mandrel rotating at 200 rpm and a spray gun (sold commercially by Binks Manufacturing) dispenses the copolymer solution in a fine spray on to the mycophenolic acid loaded stent as it rotates for a 10-30 second period. The stent is then placed in a oven at 25-35° C. up to 24 hours to complete evaporation of the solvent.
Stainless steel Duraflex stent (3.0×13 mm) is laser cut from a SS tube. The surface area for loading the drug is increased by increasing the surface roughness of the stent. The surface area and the volume of the stent can be further increased by creating 10 nm wide and 5 nm deep grooves along the links of the stent strut. The grooves are created in areas which experience low stress during expansion so that the stent radial strength is not compromised. The drug can then be loaded on the stent and in the groove by dipping or spraying the stent in MPA solution prepared in low surface tension solvent such as isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, or methanol. The stent is then dried and the drug resides on the stent surface and in the grooves, which serve as a drug reservoir. Parylene is then deposited on the stent to serve as a rate limiting barrier. The drug elutes from the stent over a period of time in the range from 1 day to 45 days.
The MPA substance is dissolved in methanol, then sprayed on the stent, and left to dry evaporating the solvent with the mycophenolic acid remaining on the stent surface. A matrix or barrier (silicone, polytetrafluorethylene, PARYLAST™, parylene) is sprayed or deposited on the stent encapsulating the mycophenolic acid. The amount of mycophenolic acid varies from 100 micrograms to 2 milligrams, with release rates from 1 day to 45 days.
A matrix with MPA coated on a stent, as described in Example 2, and then coated or sprayed with a top coat of a rate limiting barrier (and/or a matrix without a drug so to act as a rate limiting barrier). Alternatively, MPA may be coated on a stent via a rate limiting barrier, and then covered with a top coat (another barrier or matrix). Use of top coats provide further control of release rate, improved biocompatibility, and/or resistance to scratching and cracking upon stent delivery or expansion.
MPA may be combined with other drugs (cytotoxix drugs, cytostatic drugs, or psoriasis drugs, such as, mizoribine, riboflavin, tiazofurin, methylprednisolone, FK 506, zafuirin, methotrexate). One drug is in or coupled a first coat while MPA is in or coupled to a second coat. An example would be MPA release for the first 1-3 weeks while methylprednisolone is released or continues to be released for a longer period since methylprednisolone has little impact on endothelialization in humans, which is needed for complete healing of a vessel.
A combination of multiple drugs that are individually included in different coats. The coats may release the multiple drugs simultaneously and/or sequentially. The drugs may be selected from a MPA class of inhibitors of de novo nucleotide synthesis or from classes of glucocorticosteroids, immunophilin-binding drugs, deoxyspergualin, FTY720, protein drugs, and peptides. This can also apply to any combination of drugs from the above classes that is coupled to a stent with the addition of other cytotoxic drugs.
Although certain preferred embodiments and methods have been disclosed herein, it will be apparent from the foregoing disclosure to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of such embodiments and methods may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.