Title:
NON-IMPACT, CURIE POINT PRINTER
United States Patent 3832718
Abstract:
Printing and duplicating are carried out utilizing the thermoremanent magnetization of a magnetic thin film. Information is stored by heating the film above its Curie temperature and allowing it to cool in a small magnetic field. A copy of the latent image is made by coating the magnetized areas of the film with a magnetic ink and transferring the ink to paper. The film is locally heated by selective heating with a light source, preferably a laser.
US Patent References:
LASER RECORDING APPARATUS
Becker - October 1969 - 3474457
IMPACTLESS TYPEWRITER
Kamenstein - March 1971 - 3570380
FLATBED THERMOMAGNETIC FACSIMILE SYSTEM
Nelson - October 1971 - 3611415
OPTICAL SCANNING ASSEMBLY WITH HELICAL-SHAPED ROTATING REFLECTOR
Beduchaud - April 1973 - 3729248
LASER PRINTING SYSTEM
Insler et al. - August 1973 - 3751587
LASER RECORDING APPARATUS
Becker - October 1969 - 3474457
IMPACTLESS TYPEWRITER
Kamenstein - March 1971 - 3570380
FLATBED THERMOMAGNETIC FACSIMILE SYSTEM
Nelson - October 1971 - 3611415
OPTICAL SCANNING ASSEMBLY WITH HELICAL-SHAPED ROTATING REFLECTOR
Beduchaud - April 1973 - 3729248
LASER PRINTING SYSTEM
Insler et al. - August 1973 - 3751587
Inventors:
Berkowitz, Ami E. (Schenectady, NY)
Meiklejohn, William H. (Scotia, NY)
Meiklejohn, William H. (Scotia, NY)
Application Number:
05/325064
Publication Date:
08/27/1974
Filing Date:
01/19/1973
View Patent Images:
Export Citation:
Assignee:
General Electric Company (Schenectady, NY)
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
347/224, 101/467
International Classes:
G03G19/00; G06K15/14; G06K15/02; H01V3/04; G02B17/00; G01D15/12
Field of Search:
346/74MP,74MT,76L 179/1.2CR 178/94 350/7
Primary Examiner:
Robinson, Thomas A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Wille, Paul Cohen Joseph Squillaro Jerome F. T. C.
Claims:
What we claim as new and desire to secure by letters patent of the United States is
1. A non-impact magnetic printer comprising:
2. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 1 wherein said mirror means comprises:
3. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 1 wherein said mask wheel means contains a first track, containing a plurality of patterns to be projected onto said material, and a second track, containing a coded designation for each of said patterns.
4. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 3 and further comprising:
5. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 4 wherein said second track comprises a plurality of translucent areas on said mask wheel for providing said coded designation and said detecting means comprises:
6. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 5 wherein said patterns comprise alphanumerical characters.
7. A non-impact printer as set forth in claim 5 wherein said patterns comprise a plurality of holes of differing diameters.
8. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 1 wherein said magnetic means comprises:
9. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 8 wherein said magnetic elements comprise permanent magnets.
10. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 8 wherein said magnetic elements comprise electromagnets.
11. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 3 wherein said patterns comprise alpha-numerical characters.
12. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 3 wherein said pattern comprises holes of varying size for varying the diameter of said beam incident upon said material.
13. A facsimile printer comprising:
1. A non-impact magnetic printer comprising:
2. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 1 wherein said mirror means comprises:
3. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 1 wherein said mask wheel means contains a first track, containing a plurality of patterns to be projected onto said material, and a second track, containing a coded designation for each of said patterns.
4. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 3 and further comprising:
5. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 4 wherein said second track comprises a plurality of translucent areas on said mask wheel for providing said coded designation and said detecting means comprises:
6. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 5 wherein said patterns comprise alphanumerical characters.
7. A non-impact printer as set forth in claim 5 wherein said patterns comprise a plurality of holes of differing diameters.
8. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 1 wherein said magnetic means comprises:
9. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 8 wherein said magnetic elements comprise permanent magnets.
10. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 8 wherein said magnetic elements comprise electromagnets.
11. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 3 wherein said patterns comprise alpha-numerical characters.
12. A non-impact magnetic printer as set forth in claim 3 wherein said pattern comprises holes of varying size for varying the diameter of said beam incident upon said material.
13. A facsimile printer comprising:
Description:
This invention relates to printing and duplicating systems, and in particular to non-impact printing and duplicating utilizing magnetic effects, such as Curie point recording.
Encompassing a number of arts, that may be generically described as a machine interfacing with a human operator, there is the need for a printing and copying mechanism that combines relatively high speed, good quality image and low cost. Further, it is frequently desirable that the mechanism be capable of producing an image transmitted from a remote source. (Throughout this specification, image is used as generic to both typewriter characters and non-typewriter characters, e.g., photographs).
For example, in the computer art, there is a need for a low cost, high speed printer capable of printing the output from on-line (as generated) computers or terminals.
For hard copy duplication, it is desirable that the copier be capable of reproducing a gray scale, reproduce large dark areas, and have good resolution. In addition, it is desirable that the copier be insensitive to ambient conditions, e.g., humidity, and that the copier work equally well with remote image sources. Prior art copiers, while quite good in some of these respects, do not fulfill all of them to the same degree.
In view of the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved magnetic printer.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved non-impact printer for alphanumerical characters and facsimile.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a high speed printer utilizing Curie point writing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an on-line printer for computers and terminals.
The foregoing objects are achieved in the present invention wherein a drum covered with thermomagnetic material is imaged with the information to be printed. The imaging selectively heats the material above its Curie temperature. When allowed to cool in a small magnetic field, the information is recorded. The drum is then inked with a suitable magnetic ink that adheres only to the magnetized areas. Printing then transfers the magnetic ink to the paper. Imaging is carried out by selective heating with a laser utilizing an aperture disc and a scanning mirror.
A more complete understanding of the present invention can be obtained by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2a illustrates one form of aperture disc suitable for use in the present invention.
FIG. 2b illustrates another form of aperture disc suitable for use in the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates the printing operation in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the recording portion of the present invention in which the characters to be printed are recorded on a drum coated with thermomagnetic material. The recording portion of the preferred embodiment generally comprises the recording drum, suitable optics for recording on the drum, and electronics for controlling the pattern of the beam incident upon the drum.
Specifically, recorder 10 comprises drum 11 having a thermomagnetic coating 12 thereon. Drum 11 rotates on axis 13 and is driven by any suitable driving mechanism. Adjacent drum 11 is a second drum 14 having thereon a single turn helical mirror 15. Helical mirror 15 is rotated about its axis 16 by any suitable driving mechanism and is preferably mechanically coupled to drum 11 to provide synchronization. A continuously running laser 17 provides a beam 18 that is reflected by helical mirror 15 onto a selected spot 19 on the thermomagnetic coating of drum 11. The laser beam passes through beam splitting mirror 20, optical gate 21, and mask wheel 22 on its way to spot 19. Beam splitting mirror 20 provides a small secondary beam which also passes through mask wheel 22 and is detected by detector 23. The output from detector 23 is applied as one input to comparator 24. The other input, input 25, is provided by a remote source and comprises a coded signal to be compared with the signal from detector 23. Upon the matching of the information at each input, comparator 24 produces an output signal which is applied to gate 21 to enable optical gate 21 to transmit beam 18.
The overall operation of the recording portion of a preferred embodiment of the present invention may best be understood by also considering FIG. 2 in which mask wheel 22 is illustrated showing its full diameter.
Assuming that the recording apparatus is to be used as a printer for a computer, then mask wheel 22 would preferably comprise at least one pair of tracks wherein one track comprises a plurality of translucent areas 31, illustrated in FIG. 2 and 2a as a plurality of openings forming teeth about the periphery of mask wheel 22, and a second track 32 comprising alphanumerical characters, wherein a code, for example, binary code, corresponding to each letter is carried on the periphery of mask wheel 22 in a position corresponding to the appropriate alphanumerical character.
In operation, an input signal from the computer would be received at input 25 and applied to comparator 24. This coded signal is compared with the output signal from detector 23, which preferably comprises a photocell detector. When there is a match between the output from the computer and the coded signal on mask wheel 22, comparator 24 produces an output signal to gate 21 thereby opening gate 21 and allowing laser beam 18 to pass therethrough and through the alphanumerical portion of mask wheel 22. The particular alphanumerical character through which the laser beam passes effectively shapes the pattern of the beam by shaping the beam in the form of the particular alphanumerical character. This beam is then reflected by helical mirror 15 to a predetermined point 19 on drum 11. The laser beam serves to heat portion 19 above the Curie temperature of the thermomagnetic coating. By allowing the portion to cool in the presence of a small magnetic field, the information is thus magnetically recorded on recording 12.
The small magnetic field can be provided a number of ways. For example, as illustrated, magnetic field 27 is provided by permanent magnets 28 and 29, the spacing of which provides a slit through which beam 18 passes. Magnets 28 and 29 are preferably magnetized in the direction illustrated, but may also be magnetized in the perpendicular directions which would produce a fringe field intersecting the surface of drum 11. Alternatively, D.C. electromagnets may be used.
Helical mirror 15 is rotated faster than drum 11 so that one complete turn of helical mirror 15 scans one line on drum 11. If desired, so that the printed line is parallel to the axis of the drum, axes 13 and 16 can be made slightly skew to one another so that as drum 11 rotates slowly a straight line is scanned thereacross. Alternatively, drum 11 can be started and stopped.
The thermomagnetic coating on drum 11 may comprise any suitable material having a Curie temperature between 30° and 150° C. One example of a suitable material is disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 278,535, filed Aug. 7, 1972, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This material, substituted cobalt ferrite, has a Curie temperature that can be varied within these limits. An example of a suitable ferrite is CoGa .82 Fe 1 .18 O 4 having a Curie temperature of 150° C.
The particular Curie temperature chosen is determined in part by the beam power available from laser 17 and the length of time the laser beam is permitted to irradiate a particular location. Thus, the thermomagnetic material used in a particular application is chosen consistent with the thermal energy available. In general, the remanent magnetization at the ambient temperature decreases with decreasing Curie temperature. Conversely, the speed with which the magnetic latent image can be produced depends on the power required to reach the Curie temperature. An easily accessable value for Curie temperature is between 75°and 150° C. In this range, flash tubes and incandescent sources can be used as well as the laser as illustrated in FIG. 1.
The use of a beam splitting mirror 20 and a translucent track on mask wheel 22 is but one form of mechanism for reading out the coded information contained on mask wheel 22. Detector 23 could also, for example, comprise a magnetic detector sensitive to a magnetized code in one track of mask wheel 22. Alternatively, reflection from light and dark areas in a track on mask wheel 22 could be used as the coding element. Detector 23 would then be positioned to detect reflections from the surface of mask wheel 22 rather than transmission through translucent areas.
Gate 21 may comprise any suitable mechanism for controlling the beam of laser 17. One suitable gate is produced by the Isomet Corporation of New Jersey. Laser 17 may comprise any suitable laser, for example, a helium-neon laser.
FIG. 3 illustrates the printing of the recorded information in accordance with the present invention. In order to print the characters formed by laser beam 18, a magnetic brush 33 is used to transfer magnetic ink 30 to the surface of the drum where it adheres only to the areas magnetized during the recording operation. Magnetic brush 33 preferably comprises a magnet within a rotating drum for attracting a magnetic core particle of the magnetic ink and transferring the ink to drum 11. The magnetic ink may comprise either magnetically soft or hard particles coated with a low melting point resin. As a specific example, 10 micron diameter ferrite particles having a resin coating comprising 25 percent polyvinylbutyral, 70 percent rosin-modified phenolformaldehide and 5 percent carbon black are suitable as a magnetic ink.
The magnetic ink adheres to the imaged portions of the drum and is transferred to paper 34 on conveyor 35 by the pressure of roller 36 against drum 11. After the impression is made, heater element 37 heats the ink sufficiently to melt the resin thereby permanently bonding the ink to the paper. Any residual ink on drum 11 is removed by magnetic brush 38 and deposited in receptacle 39. Demagnetizer 26 then demagnetizes the drum and the drum is ready for additional information to be recorded by laser beam 18.
There are actually two ways in which alphanumerical characters can be recorded on drum 11. One, as described above, is where mask wheel 22 contains the whole alphanumerical character in a first track and a coded second track. The second is where the character is built up by a plurality of dots in a matrix. In order to do this, as illustrated in FIG. 2b, the alphanumerical characters in track 32 are replaced with holes of varying size, as in track 32'. The digital code in track 31 is used to select the proper diameter hole and hence the density of the dot being formed.
While requiring from six to twelve scans per printed line of characters, the use of different sized holes in mask wheel 22 enables the system to print any image including photographs. With the variable density dot, a full gray scale is obtained and even large dark areas in an image are accurately reproduced.
An alternative embodiment of the present invention, when used for facsimile, does not utilize mask wheel 22, detector 23 or comparator 24. In this instance, the input signal to input terminals 25 is a coded signal indicating the reflectance of the document (gray scale) being transmitted from a remote source. Comparator 24 is replaced with a decoding circuit which decodes the input signal and opens gate 21 for a time inversely proportional to the reflectance of the document. The longer time allows a greater spread of the heat on the thermomagnetic material and thus produces a darker image.
There is thus provided by the present invention an improved non-impact magnetic printer which can be used for both non-impact printing and hard copy duplications. The use of continuously rotating drums obviates the need for any reciprocal motion and enables high speed operation. For example, utilizing the present invention, a printer of 132 characters per line, 13,600 lines per minute is attainable. Further, the use of magnetic rather than electrostatic effects enables the printer to be less sensitive to ambient conditions.
In view of the foregoing it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, helical mirror 15 could be replaced, with some increase in non-linearity, by a tautband mounted, magnetically deflected, plane mirror.
Encompassing a number of arts, that may be generically described as a machine interfacing with a human operator, there is the need for a printing and copying mechanism that combines relatively high speed, good quality image and low cost. Further, it is frequently desirable that the mechanism be capable of producing an image transmitted from a remote source. (Throughout this specification, image is used as generic to both typewriter characters and non-typewriter characters, e.g., photographs).
For example, in the computer art, there is a need for a low cost, high speed printer capable of printing the output from on-line (as generated) computers or terminals.
For hard copy duplication, it is desirable that the copier be capable of reproducing a gray scale, reproduce large dark areas, and have good resolution. In addition, it is desirable that the copier be insensitive to ambient conditions, e.g., humidity, and that the copier work equally well with remote image sources. Prior art copiers, while quite good in some of these respects, do not fulfill all of them to the same degree.
In view of the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved magnetic printer.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved non-impact printer for alphanumerical characters and facsimile.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a high speed printer utilizing Curie point writing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an on-line printer for computers and terminals.
The foregoing objects are achieved in the present invention wherein a drum covered with thermomagnetic material is imaged with the information to be printed. The imaging selectively heats the material above its Curie temperature. When allowed to cool in a small magnetic field, the information is recorded. The drum is then inked with a suitable magnetic ink that adheres only to the magnetized areas. Printing then transfers the magnetic ink to the paper. Imaging is carried out by selective heating with a laser utilizing an aperture disc and a scanning mirror.
A more complete understanding of the present invention can be obtained by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2a illustrates one form of aperture disc suitable for use in the present invention.
FIG. 2b illustrates another form of aperture disc suitable for use in the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates the printing operation in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the recording portion of the present invention in which the characters to be printed are recorded on a drum coated with thermomagnetic material. The recording portion of the preferred embodiment generally comprises the recording drum, suitable optics for recording on the drum, and electronics for controlling the pattern of the beam incident upon the drum.
Specifically, recorder 10 comprises drum 11 having a thermomagnetic coating 12 thereon. Drum 11 rotates on axis 13 and is driven by any suitable driving mechanism. Adjacent drum 11 is a second drum 14 having thereon a single turn helical mirror 15. Helical mirror 15 is rotated about its axis 16 by any suitable driving mechanism and is preferably mechanically coupled to drum 11 to provide synchronization. A continuously running laser 17 provides a beam 18 that is reflected by helical mirror 15 onto a selected spot 19 on the thermomagnetic coating of drum 11. The laser beam passes through beam splitting mirror 20, optical gate 21, and mask wheel 22 on its way to spot 19. Beam splitting mirror 20 provides a small secondary beam which also passes through mask wheel 22 and is detected by detector 23. The output from detector 23 is applied as one input to comparator 24. The other input, input 25, is provided by a remote source and comprises a coded signal to be compared with the signal from detector 23. Upon the matching of the information at each input, comparator 24 produces an output signal which is applied to gate 21 to enable optical gate 21 to transmit beam 18.
The overall operation of the recording portion of a preferred embodiment of the present invention may best be understood by also considering FIG. 2 in which mask wheel 22 is illustrated showing its full diameter.
Assuming that the recording apparatus is to be used as a printer for a computer, then mask wheel 22 would preferably comprise at least one pair of tracks wherein one track comprises a plurality of translucent areas 31, illustrated in FIG. 2 and 2a as a plurality of openings forming teeth about the periphery of mask wheel 22, and a second track 32 comprising alphanumerical characters, wherein a code, for example, binary code, corresponding to each letter is carried on the periphery of mask wheel 22 in a position corresponding to the appropriate alphanumerical character.
In operation, an input signal from the computer would be received at input 25 and applied to comparator 24. This coded signal is compared with the output signal from detector 23, which preferably comprises a photocell detector. When there is a match between the output from the computer and the coded signal on mask wheel 22, comparator 24 produces an output signal to gate 21 thereby opening gate 21 and allowing laser beam 18 to pass therethrough and through the alphanumerical portion of mask wheel 22. The particular alphanumerical character through which the laser beam passes effectively shapes the pattern of the beam by shaping the beam in the form of the particular alphanumerical character. This beam is then reflected by helical mirror 15 to a predetermined point 19 on drum 11. The laser beam serves to heat portion 19 above the Curie temperature of the thermomagnetic coating. By allowing the portion to cool in the presence of a small magnetic field, the information is thus magnetically recorded on recording 12.
The small magnetic field can be provided a number of ways. For example, as illustrated, magnetic field 27 is provided by permanent magnets 28 and 29, the spacing of which provides a slit through which beam 18 passes. Magnets 28 and 29 are preferably magnetized in the direction illustrated, but may also be magnetized in the perpendicular directions which would produce a fringe field intersecting the surface of drum 11. Alternatively, D.C. electromagnets may be used.
Helical mirror 15 is rotated faster than drum 11 so that one complete turn of helical mirror 15 scans one line on drum 11. If desired, so that the printed line is parallel to the axis of the drum, axes 13 and 16 can be made slightly skew to one another so that as drum 11 rotates slowly a straight line is scanned thereacross. Alternatively, drum 11 can be started and stopped.
The thermomagnetic coating on drum 11 may comprise any suitable material having a Curie temperature between 30° and 150° C. One example of a suitable material is disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 278,535, filed Aug. 7, 1972, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This material, substituted cobalt ferrite, has a Curie temperature that can be varied within these limits. An example of a suitable ferrite is CoGa .82 Fe 1 .18 O 4 having a Curie temperature of 150° C.
The particular Curie temperature chosen is determined in part by the beam power available from laser 17 and the length of time the laser beam is permitted to irradiate a particular location. Thus, the thermomagnetic material used in a particular application is chosen consistent with the thermal energy available. In general, the remanent magnetization at the ambient temperature decreases with decreasing Curie temperature. Conversely, the speed with which the magnetic latent image can be produced depends on the power required to reach the Curie temperature. An easily accessable value for Curie temperature is between 75°and 150° C. In this range, flash tubes and incandescent sources can be used as well as the laser as illustrated in FIG. 1.
The use of a beam splitting mirror 20 and a translucent track on mask wheel 22 is but one form of mechanism for reading out the coded information contained on mask wheel 22. Detector 23 could also, for example, comprise a magnetic detector sensitive to a magnetized code in one track of mask wheel 22. Alternatively, reflection from light and dark areas in a track on mask wheel 22 could be used as the coding element. Detector 23 would then be positioned to detect reflections from the surface of mask wheel 22 rather than transmission through translucent areas.
Gate 21 may comprise any suitable mechanism for controlling the beam of laser 17. One suitable gate is produced by the Isomet Corporation of New Jersey. Laser 17 may comprise any suitable laser, for example, a helium-neon laser.
FIG. 3 illustrates the printing of the recorded information in accordance with the present invention. In order to print the characters formed by laser beam 18, a magnetic brush 33 is used to transfer magnetic ink 30 to the surface of the drum where it adheres only to the areas magnetized during the recording operation. Magnetic brush 33 preferably comprises a magnet within a rotating drum for attracting a magnetic core particle of the magnetic ink and transferring the ink to drum 11. The magnetic ink may comprise either magnetically soft or hard particles coated with a low melting point resin. As a specific example, 10 micron diameter ferrite particles having a resin coating comprising 25 percent polyvinylbutyral, 70 percent rosin-modified phenolformaldehide and 5 percent carbon black are suitable as a magnetic ink.
The magnetic ink adheres to the imaged portions of the drum and is transferred to paper 34 on conveyor 35 by the pressure of roller 36 against drum 11. After the impression is made, heater element 37 heats the ink sufficiently to melt the resin thereby permanently bonding the ink to the paper. Any residual ink on drum 11 is removed by magnetic brush 38 and deposited in receptacle 39. Demagnetizer 26 then demagnetizes the drum and the drum is ready for additional information to be recorded by laser beam 18.
There are actually two ways in which alphanumerical characters can be recorded on drum 11. One, as described above, is where mask wheel 22 contains the whole alphanumerical character in a first track and a coded second track. The second is where the character is built up by a plurality of dots in a matrix. In order to do this, as illustrated in FIG. 2b, the alphanumerical characters in track 32 are replaced with holes of varying size, as in track 32'. The digital code in track 31 is used to select the proper diameter hole and hence the density of the dot being formed.
While requiring from six to twelve scans per printed line of characters, the use of different sized holes in mask wheel 22 enables the system to print any image including photographs. With the variable density dot, a full gray scale is obtained and even large dark areas in an image are accurately reproduced.
An alternative embodiment of the present invention, when used for facsimile, does not utilize mask wheel 22, detector 23 or comparator 24. In this instance, the input signal to input terminals 25 is a coded signal indicating the reflectance of the document (gray scale) being transmitted from a remote source. Comparator 24 is replaced with a decoding circuit which decodes the input signal and opens gate 21 for a time inversely proportional to the reflectance of the document. The longer time allows a greater spread of the heat on the thermomagnetic material and thus produces a darker image.
There is thus provided by the present invention an improved non-impact magnetic printer which can be used for both non-impact printing and hard copy duplications. The use of continuously rotating drums obviates the need for any reciprocal motion and enables high speed operation. For example, utilizing the present invention, a printer of 132 characters per line, 13,600 lines per minute is attainable. Further, the use of magnetic rather than electrostatic effects enables the printer to be less sensitive to ambient conditions.
In view of the foregoing it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, helical mirror 15 could be replaced, with some increase in non-linearity, by a tautband mounted, magnetically deflected, plane mirror.