THERMAL SHIELD
United States Patent 3811493
A thermal shield consisting of a pair of walls forming an enclosed space. A heat exchange fluid is disposed in the space between the walls and is maintained at a working temperature whereby it changes in phase in response to changes in temperature along one of the walls.
US Patent References:
ISOTHERMAL COVER WITH THERMAL RESERVOIRS
Byrd - December 1970 - 3548930
Vaporizable medium type heat exchanger for electron tubes
Hall et al. - October 1968 - 3405299
INTERNAL CONFIGURATION FOR A RADIAL HEAT PIPE
Freggens - April 1972 - 3658125
FLAT PLATE HEAT PIPE WITH STRUCTURAL WICKS
Feldman, Jr. - October 1971 - 3613778
Heater for fluids
Long - January 1935 - 1987119
ISOTHERMAL COVER WITH THERMAL RESERVOIRS
Byrd - December 1970 - 3548930
Vaporizable medium type heat exchanger for electron tubes
Hall et al. - October 1968 - 3405299
INTERNAL CONFIGURATION FOR A RADIAL HEAT PIPE
Freggens - April 1972 - 3658125
FLAT PLATE HEAT PIPE WITH STRUCTURAL WICKS
Feldman, Jr. - October 1971 - 3613778
Heater for fluids
Long - January 1935 - 1987119
Inventors:
Bilinski, Donald J. (Dover, NJ)
Galowin, Lawrence S. (Upper Saddle River, NJ)
Napolitano, Michael (Mendham, NJ)
Galowin, Lawrence S. (Upper Saddle River, NJ)
Napolitano, Michael (Mendham, NJ)
Application Number:
05/189463
Publication Date:
05/21/1974
Filing Date:
10/14/1971
View Patent Images:
Export Citation:
Assignee:
The Singer Company (Little Falls, NJ)
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
165/287, 74/5R, 165/104.260
International Classes:
F16L59/00; F16L59/06; G05D23/00
Field of Search:
165/32,105 74/5
US Patent References:
Primary Examiner:
Davis Jr., Albert W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Kennedy T. W.
Parent Case Data:
This is a division of application Ser. No. 26,641, filed Apr. 8, 1970, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,675,711.
Claims:
1. A thermal shield for the upper housing portion of a gyroscope comprising a pair of spaced walls forming an enclosure in the form of a cover having a substantially cylindrical portion and a substantially hemispherical portion extending over the top of said cylindrical portion, said one wall forming the outer wall of said cover and said other wall forming an inner wall of said cover, a heat exchange fluid disposed in said enclosure, a heater disposed on the outside of said outer wall, means within said inner wall for controlling the operation of said heater to establish a substantially constant working temperature for said fluid whereby it changes in phase between a liquid and a vapor in response to changes in temperature occurring at the outer side of said outer wall, a matrix of porous material disposed within and filling a substantial portion of said enclosure, for permitting the transfer of said liquid within said enclosure, a plurality of grooves formed on the inner surfaces of said walls and enclosed by said matrix of porous material to decrease the resistance to said transfer of liquid and a plurality of channels formed
2. The invention according to claim 1 wherein said inner wall is the upper housing of the gyroscope.
2. The invention according to claim 1 wherein said inner wall is the upper housing of the gyroscope.
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a shield, and more particularly to a thermal shield for shielding and isolating an external device.
Thermal shields have been proposed which utilize solid structure adapted to absorb heat and remove it to cooler regions. Other designs utilize non-conductive vacuum chambers to isolate inner regions from sensitivity to the external environmental conditions. However, both of these techniques have shortcomings due to the temperature gradients resulting from thermal resistance and power required for cooling flow. Also, complete isolation by vacuum installation is frequently impossible due to the need for structural integrity, demanding mounting contact support at the unit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a thermal shield which significantly reduces temperature gradients by absorbing and transferring large variations in heat loads.
Toward the fulfillment of these objects, the thermal shield of the present invention comprises a pair of spaced walls forming an enclosure, a heat exchange fluid disposed in said enclosure, means to establish a working temperature for said fluid whereby it changes in phase between a liquid and a vapor in response to changes in temperature occurring at the outer surface of one of said walls, and means to effect the transfer of said liquid along the inner surfaces of at least one of said walls by capillary action.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings for a better understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention. The drawings illustrate the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the objects of the invention and are not to be construed as restrictions or limitations on its scope. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the thermal shield of the present invention, utilized as a cover for a gyroscope;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial view of a structure similar to FIG. 2 but depicting another embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 but depicting still another embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the reference numeral 10 refers to the thermal shield of the present invention which for the purposes of example, is depicted in the form of a generally dome-shaped cover extending over a gyroscope 12. The gyroscope includes an upper housing 14 and a lower housing 16, and since this and the remaining structure of the gyroscope is conventional, it will not be described in any further detail.
The shield 10 is formed by an inner wall 18 having a cylindrical portion 18a which extends vertically as viewed in FIG. 2, and a substantially hemispherical portion 18b closing the top of the cylindrical portion. It is noted that the inner wall 18 is of a similar shape as the upper housing 14 of the gyroscope and in certain applications can actually form the upper housing.
An outer wall 20 extends over the inner wall 18 in a spaced relation thereto to form a chamber 22. The lower ends of the walls 18 and 20 are bridged by an annular end wall 24 which rests on the upper portion of the lower housing 16 of the gyroscope,
A matrix of porous material, shown in general by the reference numeral 26, is secured to the inner surfaces of the walls 18, 20 and 24. In this manner, a "heat pipe" is formed, whereby a working fluid, such as water, introduced into the chamber 22 by means of a tube 27, and maintained at a predetermined working temperature, undergoes a change in phase in response to temperature changes occurring in proximity to the outer wall 20. As a result, the temperature along the inner wall is maintained substantially constant in accordance with classic heat pipe theory.
In order to regulate the working temperature of the fluid within the cover 10, a heater 30 extends around the outer circumference of the cylindrical portion of the wall 20. The heater may take any conventional form, such as an electric resistance wire housed in a casing as shown. A sensing device, shown diagramatically by the reference numeral 32, is mounted on the upper housing 14 of the gyroscope, and is adapted to control the operation of the heater 30 in accordance with variations in temperature occurring in the vicinity of the gyroscope 12. To achieve this, the sensing device may be connected in a servo loop with the heater in a conventional manner.
In operation, a predetermined working temperature for the fluid is established by means of the heater 30 and this temperature level is maintained uniform within a limited range by virtue of the saturation properties of the liquid and vapor within the cover 10, despite variations in temperature along the outer wall 20. In particular, temperature fluctuations along the outer surface of the wall 20 in response to ambient temperature changes, for example, causes the latent heat of vaporization of the fluid to be absorbed or released accordingly. Thus, upon an external cooling condition occurring on the outer surface of the wall 20, the vapors within the tube condense at the cool zone and release their heat of formation. The condensed fluid passes into the material 26 and moves by capillary action to a warmer position along the inner surface of the wall 20. If a rise in temperature occurs anywhere along the outer surface of the wall 20, the opposite condition occurs, to wit, a portion of the liquid in the material 26 in the vicinity of the hot zone is vaporized and the vapor, due to its resultant increased pressure, moves to a lower pressure zone whereby it condenses and gives up its heat energy. Due to the fact that the above changes of phase of the fluid occurs at substantially the same temperature, the temperature along the cover, including the inner wall 18, is maintained constant. The shield 10 thus provides a practical and realistic means of significantly reducing temperature gradiants while absorbing and transferring large variances in heat loads.
Since the embodiment of FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2, only a portion of the shield will be shown in FIG. 3, and identical structure will be given the same reference numerals. According to this embodiment, the inner wall 18 and the outer wall 20 are each provided with a plurality of arterial grooves 40 which are covered by the matrix of porous material 26. These grooves provide low resistance arteries for liquid flow along the cover in the above-mentioned heat transfer process, and thus may increase the efficiency of the process.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a matrix of porous material 50 is disposed along each of the inner surfaces of the walls 18 and 20, and is of a thickness sufficient to fill the entire space between the walls. A plurality of channels 52 are provided at the interface of the material disposed along each of the walls. The material 50 thus provides an increased surface area for capillary flow of the working fluid in a liquid state, while the channels 52 permit flow of the fluid in a vapor state.
Many other variations may be made in the above without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the grooves 40 and the channels 52 may extend in a direction or directions other than that shown in the drawings. Also, the matrix of porous material can be formed by sintering powdered metals to their respective inner wall surfaces. Of course, still other variations of the specific construction and arrangement of the shield disclosed above can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
This invention relates to a shield, and more particularly to a thermal shield for shielding and isolating an external device.
Thermal shields have been proposed which utilize solid structure adapted to absorb heat and remove it to cooler regions. Other designs utilize non-conductive vacuum chambers to isolate inner regions from sensitivity to the external environmental conditions. However, both of these techniques have shortcomings due to the temperature gradients resulting from thermal resistance and power required for cooling flow. Also, complete isolation by vacuum installation is frequently impossible due to the need for structural integrity, demanding mounting contact support at the unit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a thermal shield which significantly reduces temperature gradients by absorbing and transferring large variations in heat loads.
Toward the fulfillment of these objects, the thermal shield of the present invention comprises a pair of spaced walls forming an enclosure, a heat exchange fluid disposed in said enclosure, means to establish a working temperature for said fluid whereby it changes in phase between a liquid and a vapor in response to changes in temperature occurring at the outer surface of one of said walls, and means to effect the transfer of said liquid along the inner surfaces of at least one of said walls by capillary action.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings for a better understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention. The drawings illustrate the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the objects of the invention and are not to be construed as restrictions or limitations on its scope. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the thermal shield of the present invention, utilized as a cover for a gyroscope;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial view of a structure similar to FIG. 2 but depicting another embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 but depicting still another embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the reference numeral 10 refers to the thermal shield of the present invention which for the purposes of example, is depicted in the form of a generally dome-shaped cover extending over a gyroscope 12. The gyroscope includes an upper housing 14 and a lower housing 16, and since this and the remaining structure of the gyroscope is conventional, it will not be described in any further detail.
The shield 10 is formed by an inner wall 18 having a cylindrical portion 18a which extends vertically as viewed in FIG. 2, and a substantially hemispherical portion 18b closing the top of the cylindrical portion. It is noted that the inner wall 18 is of a similar shape as the upper housing 14 of the gyroscope and in certain applications can actually form the upper housing.
An outer wall 20 extends over the inner wall 18 in a spaced relation thereto to form a chamber 22. The lower ends of the walls 18 and 20 are bridged by an annular end wall 24 which rests on the upper portion of the lower housing 16 of the gyroscope,
A matrix of porous material, shown in general by the reference numeral 26, is secured to the inner surfaces of the walls 18, 20 and 24. In this manner, a "heat pipe" is formed, whereby a working fluid, such as water, introduced into the chamber 22 by means of a tube 27, and maintained at a predetermined working temperature, undergoes a change in phase in response to temperature changes occurring in proximity to the outer wall 20. As a result, the temperature along the inner wall is maintained substantially constant in accordance with classic heat pipe theory.
In order to regulate the working temperature of the fluid within the cover 10, a heater 30 extends around the outer circumference of the cylindrical portion of the wall 20. The heater may take any conventional form, such as an electric resistance wire housed in a casing as shown. A sensing device, shown diagramatically by the reference numeral 32, is mounted on the upper housing 14 of the gyroscope, and is adapted to control the operation of the heater 30 in accordance with variations in temperature occurring in the vicinity of the gyroscope 12. To achieve this, the sensing device may be connected in a servo loop with the heater in a conventional manner.
In operation, a predetermined working temperature for the fluid is established by means of the heater 30 and this temperature level is maintained uniform within a limited range by virtue of the saturation properties of the liquid and vapor within the cover 10, despite variations in temperature along the outer wall 20. In particular, temperature fluctuations along the outer surface of the wall 20 in response to ambient temperature changes, for example, causes the latent heat of vaporization of the fluid to be absorbed or released accordingly. Thus, upon an external cooling condition occurring on the outer surface of the wall 20, the vapors within the tube condense at the cool zone and release their heat of formation. The condensed fluid passes into the material 26 and moves by capillary action to a warmer position along the inner surface of the wall 20. If a rise in temperature occurs anywhere along the outer surface of the wall 20, the opposite condition occurs, to wit, a portion of the liquid in the material 26 in the vicinity of the hot zone is vaporized and the vapor, due to its resultant increased pressure, moves to a lower pressure zone whereby it condenses and gives up its heat energy. Due to the fact that the above changes of phase of the fluid occurs at substantially the same temperature, the temperature along the cover, including the inner wall 18, is maintained constant. The shield 10 thus provides a practical and realistic means of significantly reducing temperature gradiants while absorbing and transferring large variances in heat loads.
Since the embodiment of FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2, only a portion of the shield will be shown in FIG. 3, and identical structure will be given the same reference numerals. According to this embodiment, the inner wall 18 and the outer wall 20 are each provided with a plurality of arterial grooves 40 which are covered by the matrix of porous material 26. These grooves provide low resistance arteries for liquid flow along the cover in the above-mentioned heat transfer process, and thus may increase the efficiency of the process.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a matrix of porous material 50 is disposed along each of the inner surfaces of the walls 18 and 20, and is of a thickness sufficient to fill the entire space between the walls. A plurality of channels 52 are provided at the interface of the material disposed along each of the walls. The material 50 thus provides an increased surface area for capillary flow of the working fluid in a liquid state, while the channels 52 permit flow of the fluid in a vapor state.
Many other variations may be made in the above without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the grooves 40 and the channels 52 may extend in a direction or directions other than that shown in the drawings. Also, the matrix of porous material can be formed by sintering powdered metals to their respective inner wall surfaces. Of course, still other variations of the specific construction and arrangement of the shield disclosed above can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.