Title:
SINGLE GRID ACCELERATOR FOR AN ION THRUSTOR
United States Patent 3744247
Abstract:
A single grid accelerator system for an ion thrustor. A layer of dielectric material is interposed between this metal grid and the chamber containing an ionized propellant for protecting the grid against sputtering erosion.
US Patent References:
Porous-plug low work-function film cathodes for electron-bombardment ion thrustors
Eckhardt - March 1968 - 3371489
Electron beam discharge device
Tucker - November 1959 - 2913617
Gaseous electric discharge tube
Ekkers et al. - February 1962 - 3021446
Electron bombardment ion engine
Dryden - October 1967 - 3345820
GAS DISCHARGE ION SOURCE WITH MULTIPLE ANODE STRUCTURE AND A.C. SUPPLY MEANS
Sohl - March 1970 - 3500122
Porous-plug low work-function film cathodes for electron-bombardment ion thrustors
Eckhardt - March 1968 - 3371489
Electron beam discharge device
Tucker - November 1959 - 2913617
Gaseous electric discharge tube
Ekkers et al. - February 1962 - 3021446
Electron bombardment ion engine
Dryden - October 1967 - 3345820
GAS DISCHARGE ION SOURCE WITH MULTIPLE ANODE STRUCTURE AND A.C. SUPPLY MEANS
Sohl - March 1970 - 3500122
Inventors:
Margosian, Paul M. (Roslindale, MA)
Nakanishi, Shigeo (Berea, OH)
Nakanishi, Shigeo (Berea, OH)
Application Number:
05/180473
Publication Date:
07/10/1973
Filing Date:
09/14/1971
View Patent Images:
Export Citation:
Assignee:
The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the (Washington, DC)
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
313/363.100, 313/355, 313/631, 313/230
International Classes:
F03H1/00; F03H5/00
Field of Search:
313/63,207,107,230,355,218,217 60/202
US Patent References:
Primary Examiner:
Demeo, Palmer C.
Parent Case Data:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 758,540 filed Sept. 9, 1968, and now abandoned.
Claims:
We claim
1. An electron bombardment ion thruster comprising
2. An electron bombardment ion thruster having an accelerator system as claimed in claim 1 including a second aluminum oxide plate in contact with a surface of said molybdenum layer opposite said first named aluminum oxide plate, and
3. An electron bombardment ion thruster as claimed in claim 2 having a third aluminum oxide plate in contact with the surface of said second molybdenum layer opposite said second aluminum oxide plate, and
1. An electron bombardment ion thruster comprising
2. An electron bombardment ion thruster having an accelerator system as claimed in claim 1 including a second aluminum oxide plate in contact with a surface of said molybdenum layer opposite said first named aluminum oxide plate, and
3. An electron bombardment ion thruster as claimed in claim 2 having a third aluminum oxide plate in contact with the surface of said second molybdenum layer opposite said second aluminum oxide plate, and
Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
The invention described herein was made by employees of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention is concerned with an improved ion extractor component for an ion thrustor. The invention is particularly directed to a single grid accelerator system for an electron bombardment type ion thrustor.
Accelerator grid systems used in electron-bombardment thrustors have depended on a screen grid and an accelerator grid as two main components. Both are made of stainless steel or molybdenum and are mounted at close spacing relative to each other. The grids are maintained at a potential difference of several thousand volts with respect to each other. This voltage applied over the close spacing provides an electric field required for the extraction of ions from the ionization chamber thereby providing thrust. The screen grid is operated at a positive potential and the accelerator at a negative potential. This "accel-decel" mode of operation insures maximum ion extraction while preventing back streaming of neutralizing electrons into the thrustor.
One type of grid system employs a parallel wire arrangement. Such a system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,090. A pair of perforated plates having aligned holes has also been utilized. The overall weight of these double grid systems as well as the hardware required for proper mounting is objectionable. The required uniform gap of close spacing between the grids further creates fabrication problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These problems have been solved by the single grid accelerator system constructed in accordance with the present invention. A dielectric material is interposed between the grid and the thrustor ionization chamber. A metal grid has its upstream surface covered with dielectric material, or a dielectric grid may have its downstream surface covered with a metal.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a single grid accelerator system for an electron bombardment ion thrustor.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved accelerator grid for an ion thrustor which is readily fabricated.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an electron bombardment ion thrustor which accomplishes the ion extraction function in an improved manner.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the specification which follows and from the drawing wherein like numerals are used throughout to identify like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an isometric view having parts broken away along an axial quarter section of an electron bombardment ion thrustor showing an accelerator system constructed in accordance with the present invention,
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the line 2--2 in FIG. 1, and
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view similar to FIG. 2 but showing an alternate embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An electron bombardment ion thrustor of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,090 utilizes mercury as a propellant. Mercury vapor is supplied to an ionization chamber through a distributor plate, and atoms of mercury are bombarded by electrons emitted from a cathode. An axial magnetic field is supplied to increase the path length traveled by electrons going from the cathode toward an anode thereby increasing the ionization by electron bombardment.
Such an electron bombardment ion thrustor utilizes both a screen grid and an accelerator grid in its ion extraction portion. The screen grid serves to contain the discharge plasma forming the necessary ion optics to prevent direct impingement of accelerated ions onto the accelerator grid. Ions in the near vicinity of the screen grid have a high probability of being accelerated to openings in the grids because of the high electric fields present. Thrust is produced as these ions accelerate through the grid system.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown an electron bombardment ion thrustor 10 of the aforementioned type. The ion thrustor 10 has an ionization chamber 12 for containing mercury propellant that has been ionized by electron bombardment in the manner previously described.
The ion thrustor further includes an accelerator system for accelerating propellant ions in the direction of the arrows in FIGS. 1 and 2. This accelerator system utilizes a single grid 14 in the form of a perforated plate of an electrically conducting material. The accelerated propellant ions pass through holes 16 in this plate.
The grid 14 is connected to a source of electrical power, such as a battery 18, as shown in FIG. 1. The electrical power source 18 impresses a potential on the grid 14 and is highly negative relative to the ionization chamber 12.
An insulator 20 having an annular configuration extends about the periphery of the ionization chamber 12. The insulator 20 serves to electrically isolate the single grid from the metal housing forming the ionization chamber 12.
An important feature of the invention is that the electrically conducting grid 14 has the surface that faces the ionization chamber 12 protected from sputtering erosion. This is accomplished by positioning a layer of insulating material 22 between the chamber 12 and the grid 14 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The grid 14 is electrically conductive to establish the proper electrostatic field for accelerating the ions in the chamber 12 in the direction of the arrow. The grid 14 may be of a perforated metal plate having the upstream surface covered with dielectric material 22 as shown in FIG. 2. A molybdenum grid 14 having a coating of aluminum oxide flame sprayed thereon to form the dielectric coating 22 may be utilized.
In general, deposited dielectric materials exhibit some degree of porosity which could be significant in long duration applications. The alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is preferred where long operating life is of primary importance.
This embodiment utilizes a grid 14 in the form of a perforated metal plate which is identical with the grid shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Instead of utilizing a single covering of dielectric material as shown in FIG. 2, the alternate embodiment utilizes layers of dielectric material 24 that are separated by layers of metal 26. The metal layers 26 are nonporous.
Vapor deposition of the metal 26 is preferred because the thickness of this layer can be controlled. Such a deposition process enables larger overall potential differences between the positive plasma and the negative base metal grid to be maintained.
It is further contemplated that a perforated plate of dielectric material 22 could be used at the start of fabrication. The downstream surface of this dielectric plate would be covered with a metal to form the grid 14.
The single grid 14 mounts in the same location as the previous grid systems and serves the same purpose. However, this accelerator system accomplishes the ion extraction in an improved manner. The single grid 14 is maintained at a negative potential by the electrical power source 18. The dielectric layer 22 which is exposed to the plasma in the ion chamber 12 assumes a positive potential nearly equal in value to that of the plasma potential. The electric field necessary for ion extraction is established with a single component accel-decel grid system rather than the conventional two component system. Potential differences up to the break down limits of the dielectric material in the layer 22 are possible.
While several preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the disclosed structure without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the subjoined claims. For example, the size of the grid as well as the geometry of the perforations may be varied. It is further contemplated that the geometry of the dielectric layer may be changed to meet the special requirements.
The invention described herein was made by employees of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention is concerned with an improved ion extractor component for an ion thrustor. The invention is particularly directed to a single grid accelerator system for an electron bombardment type ion thrustor.
Accelerator grid systems used in electron-bombardment thrustors have depended on a screen grid and an accelerator grid as two main components. Both are made of stainless steel or molybdenum and are mounted at close spacing relative to each other. The grids are maintained at a potential difference of several thousand volts with respect to each other. This voltage applied over the close spacing provides an electric field required for the extraction of ions from the ionization chamber thereby providing thrust. The screen grid is operated at a positive potential and the accelerator at a negative potential. This "accel-decel" mode of operation insures maximum ion extraction while preventing back streaming of neutralizing electrons into the thrustor.
One type of grid system employs a parallel wire arrangement. Such a system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,090. A pair of perforated plates having aligned holes has also been utilized. The overall weight of these double grid systems as well as the hardware required for proper mounting is objectionable. The required uniform gap of close spacing between the grids further creates fabrication problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These problems have been solved by the single grid accelerator system constructed in accordance with the present invention. A dielectric material is interposed between the grid and the thrustor ionization chamber. A metal grid has its upstream surface covered with dielectric material, or a dielectric grid may have its downstream surface covered with a metal.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a single grid accelerator system for an electron bombardment ion thrustor.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved accelerator grid for an ion thrustor which is readily fabricated.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an electron bombardment ion thrustor which accomplishes the ion extraction function in an improved manner.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the specification which follows and from the drawing wherein like numerals are used throughout to identify like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an isometric view having parts broken away along an axial quarter section of an electron bombardment ion thrustor showing an accelerator system constructed in accordance with the present invention,
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the line 2--2 in FIG. 1, and
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view similar to FIG. 2 but showing an alternate embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An electron bombardment ion thrustor of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,090 utilizes mercury as a propellant. Mercury vapor is supplied to an ionization chamber through a distributor plate, and atoms of mercury are bombarded by electrons emitted from a cathode. An axial magnetic field is supplied to increase the path length traveled by electrons going from the cathode toward an anode thereby increasing the ionization by electron bombardment.
Such an electron bombardment ion thrustor utilizes both a screen grid and an accelerator grid in its ion extraction portion. The screen grid serves to contain the discharge plasma forming the necessary ion optics to prevent direct impingement of accelerated ions onto the accelerator grid. Ions in the near vicinity of the screen grid have a high probability of being accelerated to openings in the grids because of the high electric fields present. Thrust is produced as these ions accelerate through the grid system.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown an electron bombardment ion thrustor 10 of the aforementioned type. The ion thrustor 10 has an ionization chamber 12 for containing mercury propellant that has been ionized by electron bombardment in the manner previously described.
The ion thrustor further includes an accelerator system for accelerating propellant ions in the direction of the arrows in FIGS. 1 and 2. This accelerator system utilizes a single grid 14 in the form of a perforated plate of an electrically conducting material. The accelerated propellant ions pass through holes 16 in this plate.
The grid 14 is connected to a source of electrical power, such as a battery 18, as shown in FIG. 1. The electrical power source 18 impresses a potential on the grid 14 and is highly negative relative to the ionization chamber 12.
An insulator 20 having an annular configuration extends about the periphery of the ionization chamber 12. The insulator 20 serves to electrically isolate the single grid from the metal housing forming the ionization chamber 12.
An important feature of the invention is that the electrically conducting grid 14 has the surface that faces the ionization chamber 12 protected from sputtering erosion. This is accomplished by positioning a layer of insulating material 22 between the chamber 12 and the grid 14 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The grid 14 is electrically conductive to establish the proper electrostatic field for accelerating the ions in the chamber 12 in the direction of the arrow. The grid 14 may be of a perforated metal plate having the upstream surface covered with dielectric material 22 as shown in FIG. 2. A molybdenum grid 14 having a coating of aluminum oxide flame sprayed thereon to form the dielectric coating 22 may be utilized.
In general, deposited dielectric materials exhibit some degree of porosity which could be significant in long duration applications. The alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is preferred where long operating life is of primary importance.
This embodiment utilizes a grid 14 in the form of a perforated metal plate which is identical with the grid shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Instead of utilizing a single covering of dielectric material as shown in FIG. 2, the alternate embodiment utilizes layers of dielectric material 24 that are separated by layers of metal 26. The metal layers 26 are nonporous.
Vapor deposition of the metal 26 is preferred because the thickness of this layer can be controlled. Such a deposition process enables larger overall potential differences between the positive plasma and the negative base metal grid to be maintained.
It is further contemplated that a perforated plate of dielectric material 22 could be used at the start of fabrication. The downstream surface of this dielectric plate would be covered with a metal to form the grid 14.
The single grid 14 mounts in the same location as the previous grid systems and serves the same purpose. However, this accelerator system accomplishes the ion extraction in an improved manner. The single grid 14 is maintained at a negative potential by the electrical power source 18. The dielectric layer 22 which is exposed to the plasma in the ion chamber 12 assumes a positive potential nearly equal in value to that of the plasma potential. The electric field necessary for ion extraction is established with a single component accel-decel grid system rather than the conventional two component system. Potential differences up to the break down limits of the dielectric material in the layer 22 are possible.
While several preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the disclosed structure without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the subjoined claims. For example, the size of the grid as well as the geometry of the perforations may be varied. It is further contemplated that the geometry of the dielectric layer may be changed to meet the special requirements.