Title:
ERODABLE MATERIAL
United States Patent 3705659
Abstract:
An improved material useful for a multitude of purposes which will dissolve or degrade in a short period of time when exposed to water, water vapor or sunlight. The material includes an intermediate layer of water soluble thermoplastic material with a layer of polyethylene film on both sides thereof. When the material is exposed to normal atmospheric conditions, the intermediate water soluble layer will ultimately dissolve. The thin outer and inner layers will degrade to a powdery film.
US Patent References:
Container
O'Neil - June 1959 - 2891713
Container
Webber - December 1968 - 3415402
Coated film for laundry package
Friedman - June 1965 - 3186869
Flexible packaging system
Griffin - October 1966 - 3279511
Organic polymeric articles and preparation thereof
Tocker - October 1963 - 3107199
Container
O'Neil - June 1959 - 2891713
Container
Webber - December 1968 - 3415402
Coated film for laundry package
Friedman - June 1965 - 3186869
Flexible packaging system
Griffin - October 1966 - 3279511
Organic polymeric articles and preparation thereof
Tocker - October 1963 - 3107199
Application Number:
05/073469
Publication Date:
12/12/1972
Filing Date:
09/18/1970
View Patent Images:
Export Citation:
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
428/35.700, 220/DIG.030, 138/96R, 428/334, 47/74, 138/96T, 428/36.600, 428/515, 215/12.200, 428/337, 428/913, 428/508
International Classes:
B32B27/00; B65D65/46; B65D23/00; B32B27/08
Field of Search:
161/165,252,254,406 117/76F,138.8PV 215/1C 220/DIG.30
US Patent References:
| 2897108 | Disposable absorbent pad | July 1959 | Harwood | |
| 3282729 | Barrier coated thermoplastic olefin polymer substrates | November 1966 | Richardson et al. | |
| 3214291 | Polyvinyl alcohol film coated with vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer | October 1965 | Dixler | |
| 3274020 | Films made from highly hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol | September 1965 | Heiberger et al. | |
| 3563244 | CONDOMS | February 1971 | Asaka et al. |
Other References:
Leach, G.; "Plastics Can Disintegrate, Say British," The Washington Post; p. A14, 7/20/70.
Primary Examiner:
Burnett, Robert F.
Assistant Examiner:
Moxon II, George W.
Claims:
I claim
1. A disposable container which is degraded by the natural elements of the environment, the structure of said container consisting essentially of:
2. The disposable container of claim 1 wherein said means for opening the container includes:
3. The disposable container of claim 2 wherein said container is a can.
4. A disposable container which is degraded by the natural elements of the environment, the structure of the container consisting essentially of:
1. A disposable container which is degraded by the natural elements of the environment, the structure of said container consisting essentially of:
2. The disposable container of claim 1 wherein said means for opening the container includes:
3. The disposable container of claim 2 wherein said container is a can.
4. A disposable container which is degraded by the natural elements of the environment, the structure of the container consisting essentially of:
Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention.
This invention relates to an erodable material and more particularly to an erodable material useful in fabricating containers, sacks, wrapping material, etc., which disintegrates in a relatively short time upon exposure to normal environmental conditions.
2. Description of the Prior Art.
Most containers, such as bottles, cans and the like, are of a permanent nature and are capable of being reused numerous times. However, when discarded these containers pose a threat to the environment by reason of their permanent nature. Steel containers will rust away in a few years if exposed to environmental conditions but aluminum and glass containers survive indefinitely. Newly developed plastic containers also survive for a long period of time. Thus such containers accumulate to litter the world's streets and highways and pose a threat to the environment.
The present invention solves this distressing problem by providing an erodable material from which containers may be fabricated, said containers being destroyed by the natural elements of the atmosphere.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an erodable material useful for sundry purposes which will degrade and dissolve or become decomposed in a relatively short period of time when exposed to the natural conditions of the environment. The structure of the material includes an inner and outer layer of clear, low-density polyethylene film surrounding an interior layer of soluble thermoplastic resin. The polyethylene is photo-degradable whereas the intermediate material is water soluble. When the interior material is exposed to environmental moisture it will dissolve. The polyethylene inner and outer layers will degrade in response to the deleterious effects of sunlight.
STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
A primary use for the material of this invention is in the construction of containers which dissolve or degrade when opened.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a material which erodes when subject to the deleterious effects of the environment.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a container which is destroyed by the natural conditions of the environment.
Another object is to provide a container for fluids or beverages which will dissolve or erode away within a relatively short time after being opened.
It is a further object to provide a container having a wall with at least three separate degradable layers which after being opened will degrade in response to the natural elements of the environment.
Another object is to provide a container which selectively is self-destructible and is simple in construction and efficient in use.
Another object is to provide a container which is fabricated from a material having at least three layers which will erode when the container is conventionally opened thereby exposing the intermediate layer to the atmosphere.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a container embodying the material of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a similar view of the container of FIG. 1 showing a strip of container wall removed to expose an intermediate layer of the material.
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view showing a portion of the laminated container wall taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The invention comprises a laminated material readily formed into a container or like device useful for sundry purposes which material after opening of the container will degrade in a relatively short period of time in response to natural environmental conditions including water, water vapor and sunlight.
In the embodiment shown the wall 12 of container 10 is fabricated from a sheet material having at least three layers and as illustrated in FIG. 3 may include an outer layer of polyethylene film 14, an interior or intermediate layer of a water soluble resin 16 and an inner layer of polyethylene film 18 immediately adjacent the product carried within the container. The intermediate layer 16 of thermoplastic resinous material comprises the major portion of the wall 12 while the outer and inner layers 14 and 18 respectively are relatively thin, being approximately .001 inch in thickness.
In operation a tab 20 on the top surface 22 of container 10 is pulled which opens the container in the conventional manner along the scored marks 24. However, the tab 20 is also pulled downwardly along the wall 12 which removes a narrow band 26 of the outer polyethylene material 14 exposing the water soluble intermediate layer 16 to the weather. The intermediate layer will ultimately dissolve while the very thin inner and outer layers of polyethylene photo-degrade to a powdery residue. Degradation time of the entire container will depend on the disposal location because the annual rainfall and the sun's intensity will govern the time required for the container to completely disappear.
There are numerous materials which may be employed as the water soluble resins of the intermediate layer. Some of these are ethylene oxide, water soluble polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene oxide is the preferred material. It is soluble in water but resistant to oils and gases as well as biological attack. It is also low in toxicity which is an advantage in food or beverage containers.
Polyvinyl alcohol is also completely soluble in water and is unaffected by oils, greases and petroleum hydrocarbons. It is also impervious to most gases, a distinct advantage in some food products which contain dissolved gases.
The thin outer and inner layers are preferably both made of polyethylene due to its excellent resistance to water, oils and gases and fair resistance to gas transmission. Moreover it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in food packaging operations.
Polyethylene is adversely affected by ultra-violet light and will degrade eventually to a powdery mass. The inner layer 18 which is in direct contact with a food or beverage must be resistant to chemical action by chemical constituents in the food or beverage. It must also be impervious to dissolved gas in the food or beverage such as carbon dioxide. For most purposes, polyethylene would suffice, but for foods or beverages having a high content of dissolved gas it may be necessary to line the inner polyethylene layer 18 with a gas-impermeable coating. Such coating would be very thin, substantially about 0.005 inch. Many materials would suffice for this purpose but polypropylene which has a very low gas permeability rate is preferred.
While the foregoing embodiment describes a container 10, it is clear that the erodable material from which the container is fabricated may be employed for sundry other purposes including sacks, wrapping material and the like.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention.
This invention relates to an erodable material and more particularly to an erodable material useful in fabricating containers, sacks, wrapping material, etc., which disintegrates in a relatively short time upon exposure to normal environmental conditions.
2. Description of the Prior Art.
Most containers, such as bottles, cans and the like, are of a permanent nature and are capable of being reused numerous times. However, when discarded these containers pose a threat to the environment by reason of their permanent nature. Steel containers will rust away in a few years if exposed to environmental conditions but aluminum and glass containers survive indefinitely. Newly developed plastic containers also survive for a long period of time. Thus such containers accumulate to litter the world's streets and highways and pose a threat to the environment.
The present invention solves this distressing problem by providing an erodable material from which containers may be fabricated, said containers being destroyed by the natural elements of the atmosphere.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an erodable material useful for sundry purposes which will degrade and dissolve or become decomposed in a relatively short period of time when exposed to the natural conditions of the environment. The structure of the material includes an inner and outer layer of clear, low-density polyethylene film surrounding an interior layer of soluble thermoplastic resin. The polyethylene is photo-degradable whereas the intermediate material is water soluble. When the interior material is exposed to environmental moisture it will dissolve. The polyethylene inner and outer layers will degrade in response to the deleterious effects of sunlight.
STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
A primary use for the material of this invention is in the construction of containers which dissolve or degrade when opened.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a material which erodes when subject to the deleterious effects of the environment.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a container which is destroyed by the natural conditions of the environment.
Another object is to provide a container for fluids or beverages which will dissolve or erode away within a relatively short time after being opened.
It is a further object to provide a container having a wall with at least three separate degradable layers which after being opened will degrade in response to the natural elements of the environment.
Another object is to provide a container which selectively is self-destructible and is simple in construction and efficient in use.
Another object is to provide a container which is fabricated from a material having at least three layers which will erode when the container is conventionally opened thereby exposing the intermediate layer to the atmosphere.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a container embodying the material of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a similar view of the container of FIG. 1 showing a strip of container wall removed to expose an intermediate layer of the material.
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view showing a portion of the laminated container wall taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The invention comprises a laminated material readily formed into a container or like device useful for sundry purposes which material after opening of the container will degrade in a relatively short period of time in response to natural environmental conditions including water, water vapor and sunlight.
In the embodiment shown the wall 12 of container 10 is fabricated from a sheet material having at least three layers and as illustrated in FIG. 3 may include an outer layer of polyethylene film 14, an interior or intermediate layer of a water soluble resin 16 and an inner layer of polyethylene film 18 immediately adjacent the product carried within the container. The intermediate layer 16 of thermoplastic resinous material comprises the major portion of the wall 12 while the outer and inner layers 14 and 18 respectively are relatively thin, being approximately .001 inch in thickness.
In operation a tab 20 on the top surface 22 of container 10 is pulled which opens the container in the conventional manner along the scored marks 24. However, the tab 20 is also pulled downwardly along the wall 12 which removes a narrow band 26 of the outer polyethylene material 14 exposing the water soluble intermediate layer 16 to the weather. The intermediate layer will ultimately dissolve while the very thin inner and outer layers of polyethylene photo-degrade to a powdery residue. Degradation time of the entire container will depend on the disposal location because the annual rainfall and the sun's intensity will govern the time required for the container to completely disappear.
There are numerous materials which may be employed as the water soluble resins of the intermediate layer. Some of these are ethylene oxide, water soluble polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene oxide is the preferred material. It is soluble in water but resistant to oils and gases as well as biological attack. It is also low in toxicity which is an advantage in food or beverage containers.
Polyvinyl alcohol is also completely soluble in water and is unaffected by oils, greases and petroleum hydrocarbons. It is also impervious to most gases, a distinct advantage in some food products which contain dissolved gases.
The thin outer and inner layers are preferably both made of polyethylene due to its excellent resistance to water, oils and gases and fair resistance to gas transmission. Moreover it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in food packaging operations.
Polyethylene is adversely affected by ultra-violet light and will degrade eventually to a powdery mass. The inner layer 18 which is in direct contact with a food or beverage must be resistant to chemical action by chemical constituents in the food or beverage. It must also be impervious to dissolved gas in the food or beverage such as carbon dioxide. For most purposes, polyethylene would suffice, but for foods or beverages having a high content of dissolved gas it may be necessary to line the inner polyethylene layer 18 with a gas-impermeable coating. Such coating would be very thin, substantially about 0.005 inch. Many materials would suffice for this purpose but polypropylene which has a very low gas permeability rate is preferred.
While the foregoing embodiment describes a container 10, it is clear that the erodable material from which the container is fabricated may be employed for sundry other purposes including sacks, wrapping material and the like.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.