Title:
FENCE
United States Patent 3652060
Abstract:
A wood fence of "basket weave" design including parallel rails having oppositely facing grooves and perpendicular slats held in a weave pattern by an intermediate weaver board. The slats are fabricated from veneer stock and are permanently fixed with the rail grooves. The method of fence panel fabrication includes the step of bonding the slats in the grooved rails to form a permanent structural panel.
US Patent References:
Woven fences
Baxter et al. - June 1959 - 2890023
Woven panel fence
Bloch et al. - August 1962 - 3050287
Fence construction
Richardson - February 1964 - 3122355
INTERCHANGEABLE FENCE CONSTRUCTION
Romano - July 1969 - 3454262
Woven fences
Baxter et al. - June 1959 - 2890023
Woven panel fence
Bloch et al. - August 1962 - 3050287
Fence construction
Richardson - February 1964 - 3122355
INTERCHANGEABLE FENCE CONSTRUCTION
Romano - July 1969 - 3454262
Application Number:
05/060663
Publication Date:
03/28/1972
Filing Date:
08/03/1970
View Patent Images:
Export Citation:
Assignee:
Potlatch Forests, Inc. (San Francisco, CA)
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
256/24
International Classes:
E04H17/14; E04H17/16; E04H17/14
Field of Search:
256/19,21,22,24,25,73,26
Primary Examiner:
Taylor, Dennis L.
Claims:
Having thus described my invention, I claim
1. A wood fence panel comprising:
2. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the slats are formed from waste veneer stock produced during plywood fabrication.
3. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the assembled rails, slats and weaver board are surface stained, whereby the veneer checks are stained along with the exterior wood surfaces.
4. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the respective ends of each slat are fixed within the rail grooves by a water-insoluble adhesive bond.
5. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the panel comprises:
1. A wood fence panel comprising:
2. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the slats are formed from waste veneer stock produced during plywood fabrication.
3. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the assembled rails, slats and weaver board are surface stained, whereby the veneer checks are stained along with the exterior wood surfaces.
4. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the respective ends of each slat are fixed within the rail grooves by a water-insoluble adhesive bond.
5. A fence panel as set out in claim 1 wherein the panel comprises:
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Basket weave design fences have been previously produced from wood materials, using sawn lumber from the fence components. Such fences have a tendency to weather in an irregular fashion, and the sawn boards are subject to development of cracks or "checking" due to expansion or contraction of the wood materials. Irregularities also develop in such fences due to the uneven thickness of sawn boards and variations in moisture content.
The present fence has been developed for two essential purposes. First, to utilize waste veneer materials rejected at the veneer clipper during plywood production. Secondly, to provide an improved fence structure capable of more uniform aging under exterior weather conditions.
One essential feature of the present fence is the use of veneer slats or strips between rigid lumber rails. The veneer replaces conventional lumber slats. The veneer slats have improved weather and aging characteristics attributable to their inherent flexibility and to the machine surface checking that occurs during veneer production. The fence is readily constructed from waste veneer, which develops from defects that occur alongside usable veneer panels and from veneer panels (fishtails) of less than normal length and having one irregular end edge.
To provide structural stability to the fence, the slats are permanently joined to the rails. The perpendicular wood members are therefore tied to one another to counteract the natural tendency of wood to arch or bow longitudinally. This insures that the slats will remain in proper placement with respect to the rails under normal exterior use over the life of the fence.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention compromises a wood fence including substantially solid panels that present a "basket weave" design appearance. Each panel includes at least a pair of wood rails with opposed open grooves facing one another. A plurality of rectangular veneer slats are arranged in side by side positions with their respective ends received within the rail grooves. A rigid weaver board is entwined through the slats and is positioned parallel to and spaced from the rails. The ends of the slats are permanently fixed to the rails.
It is a first object of this invention to provide an economical fence structure from veneer material now considered to be waste.
Another object of this invention is to provide an improved fence of "basket weave" design having more uniform structural stability and lasting appearance under normal weathering and aging in an exterior environment.
Another object of this invention is to provide a basic fence panel structure capable of assembly in a variety of patterns.
These and further objects will be evident from the following disclosure, taken together with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate a preferred form of the invention. It is to be understood that this form of the invention is presented only by way of example, and that modifications might be made in a particular assembly without deviating from the essential concepts discussed and detailed herein.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevation view showing a fence panel mounted between two upright support posts;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along line 2--2 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary end view of a rail and slat, showing assembly of the panel;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary end view of a modified rail and slat configuration;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary end view of another modification of the rail and slat;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary end view of another modification of the rail and slat, illustrating their assembly;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary end view of the assembled rail and slat shown in FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken transversely across a veneer slat.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the essential structure of the fence produced according to this disclosure. The fence includes longitudinal rails 10, 11 and 12 formed of conventional sawn boards and having oppositely facing grooves 13 cut along their respective lengths. A plurality of veneer slats 14 are mounted in side-by-side positions along the rails, and the respective ends of each slat 14 are received within the grooves 13. A rigid weaver board 15 is entwined through the slats 14 intermediate their ends. The rails 10, 11 and 12 are rigidly secured to upright posts 16, which can be secured in a vertical position by any conventional method.
The fence illustrated in FIG. 1 is only one example of a fence made according to this disclosure. It shows a center rail 12 having grooves 13 along both its upper and lower surfaces, with slat assemblies extending upwardly and downwardly from the rail 12. Many variations are possible. The rail 12 might be eliminated all together by using longer slats 14 and either moving the weaver boards 15 somewhat closer to one another or inserting a third weaver board 15 at the elevation of rail 12. The rails might be positioned vertically and the slats 14 might be horizontal. The upper and lower panels might be formed with separate rails and alternated at opposite sides of the posts 16. Therefore, this disclosure is to be read in the context that it is concerned with one or more fence panels that include a pair of parallel spaced rails having opposed rails having opposed grooves within which veneer slats are secured in side by side positions.
The application of this panel to various fence assemblies present numerous design possibilities. One such possibility relates to the construction of "skirts" about the foundation members of a mobile home. By using the present assembly in a horizontal slat configuration, the top or bottom of the units may be trimmed to meet individual or custom height specifications.
The slats 14 are not produced from sawn lumber, as has been conventional in prior fences of "basket weave" design. Such sawn boards are relatively stiff and differ substantially in thickness, particularly after being dried and subjected to normal exterior weather conditions. Sawn boards also crack longitudinally due to continual expansion and contraction with temperature and moisture variations. These cracks or "checks" occur without prediction and in a random, non-uniform manner. They normally occur after the fence has been constructed and painted or stained, and the subsequent opening of the cracks detracts from the uniform finish desired in such fence construction. Such cracks are not open during factory staining, or during normal installation at the site. When they later open, natural wood is exposed, which contrasts with the stain, color or other surface effect applied to the fence.
In contrast to sawn boards, veneers are of substantially uniform thickness due to the more accurate machining of material produced by a plywood lathe. More importantly, the "peeling" of a log results in the veneer being "checked" due to the action of the knife on the rotating log surface. This is illustrated in FIG. 8, which shows the upper surface of a veneer slat having a number of parallel cracks or checks 17 extending to various depths. When the slat is in a flattened condition, these checks are rather closely spaced and not normally visible to the eye. However, they do present slight openings through which stain or finishes can penetrate. They also provide stress relief across the entire face of each veneer slat 14, so that contraction and expansion due to weather conditions can be accomodated without cracking the slat throughout its total thickness. Slight opening of these checks does not detract from the appearance of the slat, since factory applied stains or other finishes will have penetrated the cracks and the open areas will have the same color as the outside surfaces of the slats.
The slats 14 can be produced from waste material available from plywood production or veneer production. If veneer that is relatively free from defects is being used, the slats can be cut to size by gang ripping and trimming. If the slats are to be produced from small waste areas and "fishtail" veneers, a punch is probably preferable for production forming of the rectangular slats. The maximum slat length recoverable from fishtail stock is four feet, and other logical increments of length for slats would be three feet and two feet. Actual slat length would be slightly less than these nominal figures, depending upon the width and combinations of rails used in a panel. In normal construction, the actual panel height would be in complete increments of one foot.
After initial production of the veneer slats 14, it is preferable that the slats, as well as the rails and weaver boards, be dried, using a conventional lumber dry kiln and a lumber kiln schedule.
It is important that the dried slats 14 be cut to a common length so as to insure proper fitting of each slat 14 in the grooves 13. The slats can be trimmed in quantity by manual or automated saws to insure uniform length. The longitudinal edges of slats 14 should also be trimmed, where necessary, to produce acceptable uniformity in width. This is particularly important when the fence panels are to be assembled by machinery in an automated process.
The rails 10, 11 and 12 can be constructed of any of several sizes and board species. Rough cedar of nominal 1 × 4 size is preferable, although the rails can be made of suitable grades and species of nominal 1 × 4, 2 × 3, 2 × 4, 1 × 2 or 1 × 3 size, or combinations thereof. The horizontal length of the fence panels will conventionally be either 6 feet or 8 feet. The height of the fence can be any desired height.
The fence panels can be finished by dipping in a penetrating stain. This would particularly take advantage of the natural checked condition of the veneer slats, as discussed above.
One important feature of the present fence is the permanent connection or attachment of the slats 14 within the grooves 14. FIGS. 3-7 illustrate a few of the ways this might be attained. In FIG. 3, a bead of suitable water-insoluble adhesive 18 is first placed along the base of the groove 13 and the end of the panel 14 is then forced inwardly to seat against the groove. Conventional "hot melt" adhesives are very suitable for this step. The ends of panel 14 can be compressed between hot platens to temporarily reduce their thickness as indicated at 20. After assembly, the wood material will expand substantially to its original thickness, thereby providing a strong frictional bond in addition to the adhesive bond.
In FIG. 4, the groove 13 and the end of slat 14 are tapered to produce an alternate friction fit. In FIG. 5 a rectangular groove 13 is illustrated with a tapered end formed on slat 14. In FIG. 6 the groove 13 and slat 14 are substantially identical in thickness. After slat 14 is forced into groove 13, excess adhesive 18 is forced outwardly along each side of slat 14, forming beads 21 (FIG. 7) to keep water out of groove 13.
The grooves 13 can be either slightly wider than the slat thickness or slightly less in width than slat thickness, depending upon the selection of glue and the degree of frictional fit desired between them. A frictional fit is desirable with slot curing adhesives, so as to temporarily hold the slats and rails relative to one another during assembly. This also might be accomplished by use of a "hot melt" adhesive to provide a temporary joint, using a slower curing exterior wood adhesive for a permanent bond. It is also possible and desirable to permit a small bead of the adhesive to be forced outwardly between adjacent slats. The intermediate bead of adhesive can then act as a "compression block" to maintain minimum separation of the slats so that they can be readily sprung in opposite directions during insertion of the weaver boards 15. This slight separation between slats if further desirable to accomodate normal expansion of the slats due to weather conditions.
The veneers used in the production of slats 14 can vary in thickness from one fence design to another. It is contemplated that the slats 14 will be constructed from heavy veneer having a thickness of one-eighth inch or one-sixth inch. A suitable species for the slats is Douglas Fir veneer. For light usage, such as privacy screens, fence panels might be made from veneers of one-tenth inch thickness. The maximum veneer thickness would be about five-sixteenth inches, which is the maximum practical thickness for peeling veneer by conventional procedures.
The weaver boards 15 need not be permanently attached to the slats 14. Temporary securing of the weaver boards can be accomplished by small nails or staples. After the fence is installed, these can be removed so as to prevent rusting of the wood surfaces. The weaver boards 15 will be maintained in place due to the opposed compression forces exerted by the strung slats 14. No staples or nails are necessary to maintain the slats 14 in grooves 10. In fact, these conventional attaching devices are undesirable in this instance, since there is a great possibility that they would engage the slats 14 through veneer checks and be of questionable structural utility.
Many variations might be achieved using the basic concepts discussed above. For these reasons, only the following claims are intended as definitions of the present invention.
Basket weave design fences have been previously produced from wood materials, using sawn lumber from the fence components. Such fences have a tendency to weather in an irregular fashion, and the sawn boards are subject to development of cracks or "checking" due to expansion or contraction of the wood materials. Irregularities also develop in such fences due to the uneven thickness of sawn boards and variations in moisture content.
The present fence has been developed for two essential purposes. First, to utilize waste veneer materials rejected at the veneer clipper during plywood production. Secondly, to provide an improved fence structure capable of more uniform aging under exterior weather conditions.
One essential feature of the present fence is the use of veneer slats or strips between rigid lumber rails. The veneer replaces conventional lumber slats. The veneer slats have improved weather and aging characteristics attributable to their inherent flexibility and to the machine surface checking that occurs during veneer production. The fence is readily constructed from waste veneer, which develops from defects that occur alongside usable veneer panels and from veneer panels (fishtails) of less than normal length and having one irregular end edge.
To provide structural stability to the fence, the slats are permanently joined to the rails. The perpendicular wood members are therefore tied to one another to counteract the natural tendency of wood to arch or bow longitudinally. This insures that the slats will remain in proper placement with respect to the rails under normal exterior use over the life of the fence.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention compromises a wood fence including substantially solid panels that present a "basket weave" design appearance. Each panel includes at least a pair of wood rails with opposed open grooves facing one another. A plurality of rectangular veneer slats are arranged in side by side positions with their respective ends received within the rail grooves. A rigid weaver board is entwined through the slats and is positioned parallel to and spaced from the rails. The ends of the slats are permanently fixed to the rails.
It is a first object of this invention to provide an economical fence structure from veneer material now considered to be waste.
Another object of this invention is to provide an improved fence of "basket weave" design having more uniform structural stability and lasting appearance under normal weathering and aging in an exterior environment.
Another object of this invention is to provide a basic fence panel structure capable of assembly in a variety of patterns.
These and further objects will be evident from the following disclosure, taken together with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate a preferred form of the invention. It is to be understood that this form of the invention is presented only by way of example, and that modifications might be made in a particular assembly without deviating from the essential concepts discussed and detailed herein.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevation view showing a fence panel mounted between two upright support posts;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along line 2--2 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary end view of a rail and slat, showing assembly of the panel;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary end view of a modified rail and slat configuration;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary end view of another modification of the rail and slat;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary end view of another modification of the rail and slat, illustrating their assembly;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary end view of the assembled rail and slat shown in FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken transversely across a veneer slat.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the essential structure of the fence produced according to this disclosure. The fence includes longitudinal rails 10, 11 and 12 formed of conventional sawn boards and having oppositely facing grooves 13 cut along their respective lengths. A plurality of veneer slats 14 are mounted in side-by-side positions along the rails, and the respective ends of each slat 14 are received within the grooves 13. A rigid weaver board 15 is entwined through the slats 14 intermediate their ends. The rails 10, 11 and 12 are rigidly secured to upright posts 16, which can be secured in a vertical position by any conventional method.
The fence illustrated in FIG. 1 is only one example of a fence made according to this disclosure. It shows a center rail 12 having grooves 13 along both its upper and lower surfaces, with slat assemblies extending upwardly and downwardly from the rail 12. Many variations are possible. The rail 12 might be eliminated all together by using longer slats 14 and either moving the weaver boards 15 somewhat closer to one another or inserting a third weaver board 15 at the elevation of rail 12. The rails might be positioned vertically and the slats 14 might be horizontal. The upper and lower panels might be formed with separate rails and alternated at opposite sides of the posts 16. Therefore, this disclosure is to be read in the context that it is concerned with one or more fence panels that include a pair of parallel spaced rails having opposed rails having opposed grooves within which veneer slats are secured in side by side positions.
The application of this panel to various fence assemblies present numerous design possibilities. One such possibility relates to the construction of "skirts" about the foundation members of a mobile home. By using the present assembly in a horizontal slat configuration, the top or bottom of the units may be trimmed to meet individual or custom height specifications.
The slats 14 are not produced from sawn lumber, as has been conventional in prior fences of "basket weave" design. Such sawn boards are relatively stiff and differ substantially in thickness, particularly after being dried and subjected to normal exterior weather conditions. Sawn boards also crack longitudinally due to continual expansion and contraction with temperature and moisture variations. These cracks or "checks" occur without prediction and in a random, non-uniform manner. They normally occur after the fence has been constructed and painted or stained, and the subsequent opening of the cracks detracts from the uniform finish desired in such fence construction. Such cracks are not open during factory staining, or during normal installation at the site. When they later open, natural wood is exposed, which contrasts with the stain, color or other surface effect applied to the fence.
In contrast to sawn boards, veneers are of substantially uniform thickness due to the more accurate machining of material produced by a plywood lathe. More importantly, the "peeling" of a log results in the veneer being "checked" due to the action of the knife on the rotating log surface. This is illustrated in FIG. 8, which shows the upper surface of a veneer slat having a number of parallel cracks or checks 17 extending to various depths. When the slat is in a flattened condition, these checks are rather closely spaced and not normally visible to the eye. However, they do present slight openings through which stain or finishes can penetrate. They also provide stress relief across the entire face of each veneer slat 14, so that contraction and expansion due to weather conditions can be accomodated without cracking the slat throughout its total thickness. Slight opening of these checks does not detract from the appearance of the slat, since factory applied stains or other finishes will have penetrated the cracks and the open areas will have the same color as the outside surfaces of the slats.
The slats 14 can be produced from waste material available from plywood production or veneer production. If veneer that is relatively free from defects is being used, the slats can be cut to size by gang ripping and trimming. If the slats are to be produced from small waste areas and "fishtail" veneers, a punch is probably preferable for production forming of the rectangular slats. The maximum slat length recoverable from fishtail stock is four feet, and other logical increments of length for slats would be three feet and two feet. Actual slat length would be slightly less than these nominal figures, depending upon the width and combinations of rails used in a panel. In normal construction, the actual panel height would be in complete increments of one foot.
After initial production of the veneer slats 14, it is preferable that the slats, as well as the rails and weaver boards, be dried, using a conventional lumber dry kiln and a lumber kiln schedule.
It is important that the dried slats 14 be cut to a common length so as to insure proper fitting of each slat 14 in the grooves 13. The slats can be trimmed in quantity by manual or automated saws to insure uniform length. The longitudinal edges of slats 14 should also be trimmed, where necessary, to produce acceptable uniformity in width. This is particularly important when the fence panels are to be assembled by machinery in an automated process.
The rails 10, 11 and 12 can be constructed of any of several sizes and board species. Rough cedar of nominal 1 × 4 size is preferable, although the rails can be made of suitable grades and species of nominal 1 × 4, 2 × 3, 2 × 4, 1 × 2 or 1 × 3 size, or combinations thereof. The horizontal length of the fence panels will conventionally be either 6 feet or 8 feet. The height of the fence can be any desired height.
The fence panels can be finished by dipping in a penetrating stain. This would particularly take advantage of the natural checked condition of the veneer slats, as discussed above.
One important feature of the present fence is the permanent connection or attachment of the slats 14 within the grooves 14. FIGS. 3-7 illustrate a few of the ways this might be attained. In FIG. 3, a bead of suitable water-insoluble adhesive 18 is first placed along the base of the groove 13 and the end of the panel 14 is then forced inwardly to seat against the groove. Conventional "hot melt" adhesives are very suitable for this step. The ends of panel 14 can be compressed between hot platens to temporarily reduce their thickness as indicated at 20. After assembly, the wood material will expand substantially to its original thickness, thereby providing a strong frictional bond in addition to the adhesive bond.
In FIG. 4, the groove 13 and the end of slat 14 are tapered to produce an alternate friction fit. In FIG. 5 a rectangular groove 13 is illustrated with a tapered end formed on slat 14. In FIG. 6 the groove 13 and slat 14 are substantially identical in thickness. After slat 14 is forced into groove 13, excess adhesive 18 is forced outwardly along each side of slat 14, forming beads 21 (FIG. 7) to keep water out of groove 13.
The grooves 13 can be either slightly wider than the slat thickness or slightly less in width than slat thickness, depending upon the selection of glue and the degree of frictional fit desired between them. A frictional fit is desirable with slot curing adhesives, so as to temporarily hold the slats and rails relative to one another during assembly. This also might be accomplished by use of a "hot melt" adhesive to provide a temporary joint, using a slower curing exterior wood adhesive for a permanent bond. It is also possible and desirable to permit a small bead of the adhesive to be forced outwardly between adjacent slats. The intermediate bead of adhesive can then act as a "compression block" to maintain minimum separation of the slats so that they can be readily sprung in opposite directions during insertion of the weaver boards 15. This slight separation between slats if further desirable to accomodate normal expansion of the slats due to weather conditions.
The veneers used in the production of slats 14 can vary in thickness from one fence design to another. It is contemplated that the slats 14 will be constructed from heavy veneer having a thickness of one-eighth inch or one-sixth inch. A suitable species for the slats is Douglas Fir veneer. For light usage, such as privacy screens, fence panels might be made from veneers of one-tenth inch thickness. The maximum veneer thickness would be about five-sixteenth inches, which is the maximum practical thickness for peeling veneer by conventional procedures.
The weaver boards 15 need not be permanently attached to the slats 14. Temporary securing of the weaver boards can be accomplished by small nails or staples. After the fence is installed, these can be removed so as to prevent rusting of the wood surfaces. The weaver boards 15 will be maintained in place due to the opposed compression forces exerted by the strung slats 14. No staples or nails are necessary to maintain the slats 14 in grooves 10. In fact, these conventional attaching devices are undesirable in this instance, since there is a great possibility that they would engage the slats 14 through veneer checks and be of questionable structural utility.
Many variations might be achieved using the basic concepts discussed above. For these reasons, only the following claims are intended as definitions of the present invention.