This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/852,397, filed Oct. 18, 2006, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/905,809, filed Mar. 9, 2007, each of the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
A. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of plant genetics and, more specifically, to the development of carrot plants having increased lycopene content.
B. Description of Related Art
Carrot ( Daucus carota var sativus ), a member of the Umbelliferae family, is one of the most important root crops and is grown on over 100,000 hectares worldwide. Carrots provide an excellent source of various vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A (beta-carotene), as well as dietary fiber content in animal diets. Breeding efforts over the last half century have resulted in a 75% increase in the beta-carotene content in cultivated carrots. Recently, interest in the nutritional value of other carrot pigments, such as xanthophylls, lycopene, anthocyanins, and other phytochemicals, has increased. Despite recent breeding efforts, there remains a need for the development of carrots having increased levels of carotenoids, other than beta-carotene, such as lycopene.
In general, the goal of vegetable breeding is to combine various desirable traits in a single variety/hybrid. Such desirable traits may include greater yield, resistance to insects or pests, tolerance to heat and drought, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, growth rate and fruit properties.
Breeding techniques take advantage of a plant's method of pollination. There are two general methods of pollination: a plant self-pollinates if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant or plant variety. A plant cross-pollinates if pollen comes to it from a flower of a different plant variety.
Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type over many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny, a homozygous plant. A cross between two such homozygous plants of different varieties produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that are heterozygous for many gene loci. Conversely, a cross of two plants each heterozygous at a number of loci produces a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and are not uniform. The resulting non-uniformity makes performance unpredictable.
The development of uniform varieties often involves the development of homozygous inbred plants, the crossing of these plants, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are examples of breeding methods that have been used to develop inbred plants from breeding populations. Those breeding methods combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more plants or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new lines are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.
Carrots ( Daucus carota ) are one of the most important root crops and is grown on over 100,000 hectares worldwide. There are two main types of cultivated carrots. Eastern/Asiatic carrots are often called anthocyanin carrots because of their purple roots, although some have yellow roots. They typically have pubescent leaves giving them a gray-green color and bolt easily. They have slightly dissected leaves with branched roots and are an annual plant. Western or carotene carrots typically have orange, red or white roots. These carrots were most likely derived from the first group by selection among hybrid progenies of yellow Eastern carrots, white carrots and wild subspecies grown in the Mediterranean. The leaves are generally strongly dissected with unbranched roots and bright green, sparsely hairy foliage and are biennial.
The biennial carrot is a plant that only flowers every two years. In the first year the plant produces the edible root and a leafy top. If a carrot plant is left in the ground for another year, aided by a resting and cold vernalization period, it flowers and seeds are produced. Sexual reproduction in carrots can therefore be carried out as with other flowering plants.
The Western carrot is the most popular carrot and is sub-divided into three groups: 1) short-rooted varieties that mature more quickly; such as Amsterdam Forcing, Tiana, Early French Frame, Early Nantes, Champion Scarlet Horn; 2) medium-rooted varieties, which are the most common type of commercially grown carrots and include varieties such as Mokum, Flakkee, Autumn King, Chantenay Red Cored, Royal Chantenay; and 3) long-rooted varieties, such as New Red Intermediate and Saint Valery.
Carrots are widely used as a fresh market or processed product. As a crop, carrots are grown commercially wherever environmental conditions permit the production of an economically viable yield. Carrots are highly regarded for their nutritional value and their storability. Carrots provide an excellent source of various vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A (beta-carotene), as well as dietary fiber content. Recently, interest in the nutritional value of other carrot pigments, such as xanthophylls, lycopene, anthocyanins, and other phytochemicals, has increased.
Historically, most carrot breeding methods involved mass selection and pedigree selection resulting in a great number of open-pollinated carrot varieties (Stein and Nothnagel, 1995). The first carrot hybrids were sold in the 1960s in the United States following the detection and analysis of male sterility in carrot by Thompson (1961) and Hanschke and Gabelman (1963). Hybrid breeding in carrot is generally based on two systems of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) with different genetic backgrounds and origin: “brown anther” type and “petaloid” type (Stein and Nothnagel, 1995). A third CMS system has been detected in an alloplasmic form originating from a cross between the wild carrot D. carota gummifer Hook. fil. and the cultivated carrot D. c. sativus Hoffm. (Nothnagel, 1992).
While breeding efforts to date have provided a number of useful carrot lines with beneficial traits, there remains a great need in the art for new lines with further improved traits. Such plants would benefit farmers and consumers alike by improving crop yields and/or quality.
The present invention relates to carrot lines having roots containing increased levels of lycopene, as well as containers of such carrots. The present invention also relates to parts of carrot plants from lines having roots with increased lycopene content, including seeds capable of growing carrot plants with increased root lycopene content.
The present invention also provides a seed of a carrot plant capable of producing a hybrid plant comprising roots having a lycopene content of at least 100 ppm, where a population of about 10 carrots contains an average lycopene content of between about 100 ppm and about 250 ppm.
The present invention also provides a method of producing a hybrid carrot seed comprising crossing a female parent having a lycopene content between about 100 ppm and about 200 ppm having cytoplasmic male sterility with a male carrot line having a lycopene content between about 100 ppm and about 200 ppm, and obtaining F 1 seed.
In still another aspect, the present invention is exemplified by plants or seeds of a carrot variety selected from red carrot hybrid 0710 0325, red carrot hybrid 0710 0339, red carrot hybrid 0710 0346, red carrot hybrid 710313, red carrot hybrid 710305, red carrot hybrid 710316, red carrot hybrid 710319, red carrot hybrid 710311, red carrot hybrid 710304, red carrot hybrid 710310, red carrot hybrid 710303, line RN 71-4963C, line RN 71-4904C, line RF 71-4911A, line RF 71-4912A, line RIF 71-4966C, line RIF 71-4967B, and line RIF 71-4968B. representative seeds of such varieties have been deposited with the ATCC as set forth herein below. As used herein, a plant of the invention includes any such plants.
In yet a further aspect, the present invention also provides hybrid carrot cultivar having a root comprising an increased lycopene level, where the lycopene content is measured as an average lycopene content of a plurality of roots obtained from the hybrid carrot cultivar compared to an average lycopene content of carrot roots obtained from Kintoki open pollinated variety carrots.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a carrot plant of the invention, as well as carrot plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant of the invention. Parts of the carrot plant of the present invention are also provided, for example, including pollen, an ovule, a fruit, and a cell of the plant.
The carrot seed of the invention may be provided as an essentially homogeneous population of carrot seed of a plant of the invention. Essentially homogeneous populations of seed are generally free from substantial numbers of other seed. Therefore, seed may be defined as forming at least about 97% of the total seed, including at least about 98%, 99%, or more of the seed. The population of carrot seed may be particularly defined as being essentially free from hybrid seed. The seed population may be separately grown to provide an essentially homogeneous population of carrot plants of the invention.
In another aspect of the invention, a plant of the invention comprising an added heritable trait is provided. The heritable trait may comprise a genetic locus that is a dominant or recessive allele. In one embodiment of the invention, a plant of the invention is defined as comprising a single locus conversion. In specific embodiments of the invention, an added genetic locus confers one or more traits such as, for example, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, disease resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. The trait may be, for example, conferred by a naturally occurring gene introduced into the genome of the line by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques into the plant or a progenitor of any previous generation thereof. When introduced through transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more transgenes integrated at a single chromosomal location.
In another aspect of the invention, a tissue culture of regenerable cells of a plant of the invention is provided. The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the line, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as other plants of the line. Examples of such physiological and morphological characteristics include those traits set forth in the tables herein. The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures may be derived, for example, from embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistil, flower, seed and stalks. Still further, the present invention provides carrot plants regenerated from a tissue culture of the invention, the plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant of the invention.
In yet another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for producing carrot seeds, plants and fruit, which processes generally comprise crossing a first parent carrot plant with a second parent carrot plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent carrot plants is a plant of the invention. In one embodiment, the plant is selected from a line designated RN 71-4904C, RF 71-4911A, RF 71-4912A, RIF 71-4966C, RIF 71-4967B, or RIF 71-4968B. These processes may be further exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid carrot seed or plants, wherein a first carrot plant is crossed with a second carrot plant of a different, distinct line to provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, a carrot plant line provided herein. In these processes, crossing will result in the production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first step in “crossing” comprises planting seeds of a first and second parent carrot plant, often in proximity so that pollination will occur for example, mediated by insect vectors. Alternatively, pollen can be transferred manually. Where the plant is self-pollinated, pollination may occur without the need for direct human intervention other than plant cultivation.
A second step may comprise cultivating or growing the seeds of first and second parent carrot plants into plants that bear flowers. A third step may comprise preventing self-pollination of the plants, such as by emasculating the male portions of flowers, (i.e., treating or manipulating the flowers to produce an emasculated parent carrot plant). Self-incompatibility systems may also be used in some hybrid crops for the same purpose. Self-incompatible plants still shed viable pollen and can pollinate plants of other varieties but are incapable of pollinating themselves or other plants of the same line.
A fourth step for a hybrid cross may comprise cross-pollination between the first and second parent carrot plants. Yet another step comprises harvesting the seeds from at least one of the parent carrot plants. The harvested seed can be grown to produce a carrot plant or hybrid carrot plant.
The present invention also provides the carrot seeds and plants produced by a process that comprises crossing a first parent carrot plant with a second parent carrot plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent carrot plants is a plant of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, carrot seed and plants produced by the process are first generation (F 1 ) hybrid carrot seed and plants produced by crossing a plant in accordance with the invention with another, distinct plant. The present invention further contemplates plant parts of such an F 1 hybrid carrot plant, and methods of use thereof. Therefore, certain exemplary embodiments of the invention provide an F 1 hybrid carrot plant and seed thereof. For example, the invention provides plants and seeds of hybrid carrot variety 0710 0325, 0710 0339, or 0710 0346.
In still yet another aspect of the invention, the genetic complement of a carrot plant of the invention are provided. The phrase “genetic complement” is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype of, in the present case, a carrot plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents the genetic makeup of a cell, tissue or plant, and a hybrid genetic complement represents the genetic make up of a hybrid cell, tissue or plant. The invention thus provides carrot plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the carrot plant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds and plants containing such cells.
Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood that a plant of the invention could be identified by any of the many well known techniques such as, for example, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., 1998).
In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides hybrid genetic complements, as represented by carrot plant cells, tissues, plants, and seeds, formed by the combination of a haploid genetic complement of a carrot plant of the invention with a haploid genetic complement of a second carrot plant, preferably, another, distinct carrot plant. In another aspect, the present invention provides a carrot plant regenerated from a tissue culture that comprises a hybrid genetic complement of this invention.
In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a plant of a carrot line, the roots of said plant exhibit a combination of traits comprising an average lycopene content from about 110 ppm to about 250 ppm and an average brix content from about 11° brix to about 20° brix, wherein the expression of the combination of traits is controlled by genetic means for the expression of the trait found in a carrot variety provided herein, including one or more of red carrot hybrid 0710 0325, red carrot hybrid 0710 0339, red carrot hybrid 0710 0346, red carrot hybrid 710313, red carrot hybrid 710305, red carrot hybrid 710316, red carrot hybrid 710319, red carrot hybrid 710311, red carrot hybrid 710304, red carrot hybrid 710310, red carrot hybrid 710303, line RN 71-4963C, line RN 71-4904C, line RF 71-4911A, line RF 71-4912A, line RIF 71-4966C, line RIF 71-4967B, and line RIF 71-4968B.
In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of determining the genotype of a plant of carrot line or variety disclosed herein comprising detecting in the genome of the plant at least a first polymorphism. The method may, in certain embodiments, comprise detecting a plurality of polymorphisms in the genome of the plant. The method may further comprise storing the results of the step of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium. The invention further provides a computer readable medium produced by such a method.
In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing a plant derived from a line or variety disclosed herein the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived from the line or variety, wherein said preparing comprises crossing a plant of a plant of the invention with a second plant; and (b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. In further embodiments, the method may additionally comprise: (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant; and repeating the steps for an additional 3-10 generations to produce a plant derived from the line or variety. The derived plant may be an inbred line, and the aforementioned repeated crossing steps may be defined as comprising sufficient inbreeding to produce the inbred line. In the method, it may be desirable to select particular plants resulting from step (c) for continued crossing according to steps (b) and (c). By selecting plants having one or more desirable traits, a plant is obtained which possesses some of the desirable traits of the line as well as potentially other selected traits.
In another aspect of the invention, a plant of a carrot line or variety comprising an added heritable trait is provided. The heritable trait may comprise a genetic locus that is a dominant or recessive allele. In one embodiment of the invention, a plant of the invention is defined as comprising a single locus conversion. In specific embodiments of the invention, an added genetic locus confers one or more traits such as, for example, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, disease resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. The trait may be, for example, conferred by a naturally occurring gene introduced into the genome of the hybrid by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques into the plant or a progenitor of any previous generation thereof. When introduced through transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more transgenes integrated at a single chromosomal location.
In another aspect of the invention, a tissue culture of regenerable cells of a plant disclosed herein is provided. The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the hybrid, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as other plants of the hybrid. Examples of some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the lines and varieties provided herein include those traits set forth in the tables herein. The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures may be derived, for example, from embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistil, flower, seed and stalks. Still further, the present invention provides carrot plants regenerated from a tissue culture of the invention, the plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant provided herein.
In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a container of hybrid or non-hybrid carrot seeds where roots grown from greater than 50% of the seeds have an increased lycopene content, where a population of about 50 roots grown from the seeds contains an average lycopene content of between about 100 ppm and 250 ppm.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a container of hybrid carrots having at least a portion of the carrots with increased lycopene content, where the increased lycopene content is measured as an average lycopene content in a population of at least about 10 carrots of between about 100 ppm and about 250 ppm.
These and other features and advantages of this invention are described in, or are apparent from, the following detailed description of various exemplary embodiments of the devices and methods according to this invention.
The invention provides carrot plants and in particular carrot cultivars or lines having increased lycopene content. Such carrots can be referred to as high lycopene carrot varieties. In a certain aspects, the carrot plants are hybrid carrot plants. Also disclosed herein are carrot cultivars or lines having increased lycopene content and cytoplasmic male sterility. Methods of breeding high lycopene carrot lines are also provided. Also disclosed herein are F 1 hybrids of the high lycopene carrots.
As part of this invention, long, cylindrical shaped carrots containing the carotenoid lycopene have been developed to fit market needs, including the processing needs for the cut and peel market segment. Lycopene has received much attention with regard to its anti-oxidant capability in warding off cancer development, particularly in the digestive tract. In some embodiments, the carrots provided by this invention can be used to produce a solid red colored pack of cut and peel product or mixed into a blend of red, orange and yellow carrots. Oversize carrots also provided by this invention may be used for juice production.
Any carrot plant having a suitable lycopene content can be used in conjunction with the present invention. Carrots with suitable lycopene levels can be used in the methods of the present invention. In a preferred aspect, the source of an increased lycopene content is an elite plant. In an aspect, suitable lycopene carrots may be produced by breeding with the following lycopene sources: Nutri-red, red Indian descent carrots, and Kintoki open pollinated lines. In one aspect, a lycopene source carrot can be identified by determining the lycopene level in a carrot root, for example as described below. In an aspect, a lycopene source carrot plant may be crossed with any inbred carrot line having desired properties.
The invention also provides methods and compositions relating to plants, seeds and derivatives of carrot line RN 71-4904C (previously designated 71 0302), RF 71-4911A, RF 71-4912A, RIF 71-4966C, RIF 71-4967B, or RIF 71-4968B. These lines show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for the traits described hereinafter. Each of the carrot lines RN 71-4904C, RF 71-4911A, RF 71-4912A, RIF 71-4966C, RIF 71-4967B, and RIF 71-4968B provides sufficient seed yield. By crossing with a distinct second plant, uniform F 1 hybrid progeny can be obtained.
Of the hybrid carrot varieties developed by this invention, 0710 0325, 0710 0339, and 0710 0346, exhibit a more slender and longer root shape, which, for example, makes them well suited for use in the cut and peel market segment.
In contrast other carrot varieties also developed as part of this invention, for example, carrot hybrid varieties 710313, 710305, 710316, 710319, 710311, 710304, 710310, and 710303 are heavier and broader in diameter, which, for example, makes them more applicable to the juicing market segment.
1. Development of Open Pollinated Inbred Carrot Line RN 71-4904C (Previously Designated 71 0302)
High lycopene carrot line RN 71-4904C was obtained as outlined below. This carrot line is the result of a pedigree breeding system, initiated with a fertile×fertile cross between ‘Lycopene 71B’ (a Seminis inbred line) and ‘7262B’ (a USDA carrot release containing anthocyanin and carotene). The ‘Lycopene 71B’ is an M4 high lycopene selection from the Seminis carrot release ‘Nutri-red’.
The breeding process can be summarized as follows:
| Fall Year 1 | Planted parental lines in Brawley, CA (‘Lycopene 71B’ |
| and ‘7262B’) | |
| Spring, Year 2 | Harvested parental roots and crossed in Fertile × Fertile |
| fashion. | |
| Fall Year 2 | Planted Fertile × Fertile seed in California |
| Spring Year 3 | Harvested vigorous F 1 roots from the F × F population |
| and self pollinate | |
| Fall Year 3 | Planted F 2 population seed in California |
| Spring Year 4 | Made F 2 selections, one being a red colored, cylindrical |
| shaped root. Made a 3 root small mass for F 2 M | |
| population. | |
| Fall, Year 4 | Planted F 2 M population seed in California |
| Spring Year 5 | Selected the same root form as the F 2 . Again, increased |
| to F 2 M 2 via 3 root mass population. | |
| Fall Year 5 | Planted F 2 M 2 population seed in California. |
| Spring Year 6 | Grew out F 2 M 2 population, but not harvested. No |
| breeding action taken. | |
| Fall Year 6 | Replanted F 2 M 2 population seed in California. |
| Spring Year 7 | Selected for same criteria as the F 2 M population. |
| Increase via 4 root mass to produce the F 2 M 3 generation. | |
| Fall Year 7 | Planted F 2 M 3 population seed in California. |
| Spring Year 8 | Selected for same criteria as in the F 2 M 2 population. |
| Increase via 3 root mass to produce the F 2 M 4 generation. | |
| Fall Year 8 | Planted F 2 M 4 population seed in California. |
| Spring Year 9 | Selected for same criteria as in F 2 M 3 population. |
| Increase via a 12 root mass for a larger seed increase. | |
| Fall Year 9 | Planted F 2 M 5 population seed in California. |
| Spring, Year | The name PSR 71 0302 was applied (subsequently |
| 10 | changed to RN 71-4904C) and the trial observed. |
| Fall Year 10 | Planted F 2 M 6 population seed in California, as well as |
| the new male sterile lines developed for hybridization | |
| (see breeding process Example 4, below). | |
| Spring Year 11 | Harvested roots of male sterile lines and pollinators. |
| Transplanted stecklings into hybrid cage isolations. | |
| Fall Year 11 | Planted hybrid seed in California. |
| Spring Year 12 | Harvested and selected the best performing hybrid |
| combinations. | |
During the breeding program, a red cylindrical shaped carrot type emerged from the F 2 population and was selected. Small mass selection for the ‘Nantes’ root shape was repeated, and dark red color expressed through the core resulted in a very stable and uniform style root. One line was selected for having a high level of uniformity from one root to the next to obtain seed quantities for presentation, using a 12 root mass and designated Red Nantes, also designated RN 71-4904C. Very little variability within the line was observed, other than that expressed by environmental influence within any field condition.
2. Development of Open Pollinated Inbred Carrot Lines
Open pollinated carrot lines are also obtained from crosses using Indian red carrot lines as one of the parents. One source of genetic diversity is from the Indian germplasm, but these sources are basically tropical or annual type carrots. This can make them less suitable for use in temperate climates. These landrace lines also tend to have defects such as early, nearly annual bolting behavior, severe forking and irregular root shapes, prolific root hair growth, extreme variability in root type, shape, lycopene content, or any other phenotypic characteristic.
These Indian lines contain several advantages however, such as: 1) ability to accumulate moderate levels of lycopene and 2) extreme genetic diversity, including excellent eating quality. This eating quality can be the result of high juice content and low terpenoid levels.
Thus, to develop other high lycopene plant material, the following breeding strategy may be used:
For example, the following scheme was used:
| Fall, Year 1 | Planted parental lines in Brawley, CA (‘Lycopene 71B’, |
| Indian germplasm, and S-D813B). | |
| Spring Year 2 | Harvested parental roots and cross in Fertile × Fertile |
| fashion. | |
| Fall, Year 2 | Planted Fertile × Fertile seed in California |
| Spring Year 3 | Harvested vigorous F 1 roots from the F × F population |
| and sib-mate for the F 1 M populations (simulated F 2 ). | |
| Fall, Year 3 | Planted F 1 M population seed in California |
| Spring Year 4 | Made F 1 M selections, selecting for cut and peel style or |
| any full, interesting carrot shapes of normal behavior and | |
| expressing red color. Observations indicated vast | |
| differences from the original Indian material, which is | |
| severely early in bolting (almost annual in behavior), | |
| tends to have multiple branched (forked) roots and | |
| prolific root hair growth. | |
| September Fall, | Planted F 1 M 2 population seed in California |
| Year 4 | |
| Spring Year 5 | Selected the same root form as the F 1 M; increased to |
| F 1 M 3 via 2 or 3 root mass populations. | |
| Fall, Year 5 | Planted F 1 M 3 population seed in California. |
| Spring Year 6 | Selected for same criteria as the F 1 M 2 population. |
| Increased via 2 or 3 root mass to produce the F 1 M 4 | |
| generation. | |
| September Fall, | Planted F 1 M 4 population seed in California. |
| Year 6 | |
| Spring Year 7 | Evaluated lines for possible use as parents. Chose most |
| promising lines for hybrid development and parental | |
| increase. | |
| Fall, Year 7 | Planted new hybrids and parentals for advancement and |
| seed increase. | |
3. Development of Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Carrot Lines
Carrot lines containing cytoplasmic male sterility having increased lycopene content can be produced, for example, using crosses between open-pollinated Nutri-red lines and an orange male sterile variety to introduce the cytoplasmic male sterility into the high lycopene background.
For example, below is a breeding process that has been used for the development of male sterile, high lycopene lines:
| Fall, Year 1 | Planted Nutri-red (red) and Orange male sterile seed in |
| Imperial Valley. | |
| Spring, Year 2 | Harvested roots of Nutri-red and orange male sterile lines |
| for F 1 hybrids. | |
| Fall, Year 2 | Planted hybrid seed in California. |
| Spring, Year 3 | Harvested hybrids of Nutri-red and Orange roots (all |
| orange) in preparation of first backcross. | |
| Fall, Year 3 | Planted BC 1 seed in California. |
| Spring, Year 4 | Selected red roots within the BC 1 population and |
| prepared for backcrossing to Nutri-red. | |
| Fall, Year 4 | Planted BC 2 seed in California |
| Spring, Year 5 | Most backcrosses appeared to be nearly stable, though |
| some orange roots were observed. Red roots were again | |
| selected and prepared for backcrossing to Nutri-red. | |
| Fall, Year 5 | Planted BC 3 seed in California. |
| Spring, Year 6 | Harvested roots, 100% of all backcross populations have |
| complete expression of increased lycopene phenotype. | |
| Selected best lines for hybrid production and possible | |
| increase. | |
| Fall, Year 6 | Planted new hybrids and backcrossed lines for |
| advancement and seed increase. | |
Following the above program, carrot lines having increased lycopene content were been obtained, which also exhibited cytoplasmic male sterility.
4. Development of Hybrid Carrot Varieties Having High Lycopene Content
Hybrid carrots have been developed by crossing the open pollinators of Example 2 and 3 (male parents) with the male-sterile lines of Example 4 (female parents), and collecting the hybrid F 1 seeds. Several hybrid varieties have been developed that contain increased levels of lycopene. These are identified as hybrid varieties 710303, 710304, 710310, 710313, 710311, 710319, 710316, and 710305. After harvesting roots from the hybrid varieties, it was observed that hybrid line 710319 segregates for orange and red, and as such did not result in a high lycopene carrot. These hybrids comprise an average lycopene content in their roots of at least 115 ppm, as determined by HPLC.
5. Development of Carrot Line RF 71-4911A
The development of carrot line RF 71-4911A can be summarized as follows:
| September Year 0 | Planted Nutri-red and Orange male sterile seed in Imperial Valley. |
| February Year 1 | Harvested roots of Nutri-red and orange male steriles for |
| F 1 hybrids. Planted individual roots selected from Nutri- | |
| red and made crosses with the male steriles, establishing | |
| new sub-line populations of Nutri-red with their respective hybrids. | |
| September Year 1 | Planted hybrid seed and new sub-lines in California. |
| February Year 2 | Harvested hybrids of Nutri-red sub-lines and Orange roots |
| (all orange) in preparation of first backcross to the | |
| respective sub-lines. | |
| September Year 2 | Planted BC 1 seed in California with the respective sub- |
| lines. | |
| February Year 3 | Selected red roots within the BC 1 population and prepared |
| for backcrossing, again, to the Nutri-red sub-lines. | |
| September Year 3 | Planted BC 2 seed in California with the respective sub- |
| lines. | |
| February Year 4 | Most backcrosses appeared to be nearly stable, though |
| some orange roots caused concern about the possible | |
| genetic inheritance. Red roots were again selected and | |
| prepared for backcrossing to Nutri-red sub-lines. | |
| September Year 4 | Planted BC 3 seed in California with the respective sub- |
| lines. | |
| February Year 5 | Harvested roots and found that 100% of all backcross |
| populations had complete expression of lycopene. Selected | |
| best lines for hybrid production and possible increase, one | |
| set of lines being RF 71-4911A & B. | |
| September Year 5/6 | Planted new hybrids and backcross lines for potential |
| advancement and seed increase. | |
| February Year 6/7 | Evaluated and selected best hybrid combinations, including |
| 0710 0325 and 0710 0339. | |
Line RF 71-4911A has been self-pollinated and planted for a number of generations to produce the homozygosity and phenotypic stability to make this line useful in commercial seed production. No variant traits have been observed or are expected for this line.
Carrot line RF 71-4911A, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting carrot plant under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions and harvesting the resulting seeds using techniques familiar to one of skill in the art.
6. Development of Carrot Line RF 71-4912A
The development of carrot line RF 71-4912A can be summarized as follows:
| September Year 0 | Planted Nutri-red and Orange male sterile seed in Imperial Valley. |
| February Year 1 | Harvested roots of Nutri-red and orange male steriles for F 1 |
| hybrids. Planted individual roots selected from Nutri-red | |
| and made crosses with the male steriles, establishing new | |
| sub-line populations of Nutri-red with their respective hybrids. | |
| September Year 1 | Planted hybrid seed and new sub-lines in California. |
| February Year 2 | Harvested hybrids of Nutri-red sub-lines and Orange roots |
| (all orange) in preparation of first backcross to the | |
| respective sub-lines. | |
| September Year 2 | Planted BC 1 seed in California with the respective sub- |
| lines. | |
| February Year 3 | Selected red roots within the BC 1 population and prepared |
| for backcrossing, again, to the Nutri-red sub-lines. | |
| September Year 3 | Planted BC2 seed in California with the respective sub- |
| lines. | |
| February Year 4 | Most backcrosses appeared to be nearly stable, though |
| some orange roots caused concern about the possible | |
| genetic inheritance. Red roots were again selected and | |
| prepared for backcrossing to Nutri-red sub-lines. | |
| September Year 4 | Planted BC 3 seed in California with the respective sub- |
| lines. | |
| February Year 5 | Harvested roots and found that 100% of all backcross |
| populations had complete expression of lycopene. Selected | |
| best lines for hybrid production and possible increase, one | |
| set of lines being RF 71-4912A & B. | |
| September Year 5/6 | Planted new hybrids and backcross lines for potential |
| advancement and seed increase. | |
| February Year 6/7 | Evaluated and selected best hybrid combinations, including |
| 0710 0346. | |
Line RF 71-4912A has been self-pollinated and planted for a number of generations to produce the homozygosity and phenotypic stability to make this line useful in commercial seed production. No variant traits have been observed or are expected for this line.
Carrot line RF 71-4912A, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting carrot plant under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions and harvesting the resulting seeds using techniques familiar to one of skill in the art.
7. Development of Carrot Line RIF 71-4966C
The development of carrot line RIF 71-4966C can be summarized as follows:
| September Year 1 | Planted parental lines of Nutri-red and S-D813B in Imperial Valley |
| steckling bed. | |
| February Year 2 | Selected best parental roots within populations of Nutri-red and |
| S-D813B for fertile × fertile crossing pattern. | |
| September Year 2 | Planted F 1 seed from fertile × fertile crossing system. |
| February Year 3 | Selected known hybrid roots within the population for |
| advancement to the F 1 M population. | |
| September Year 3 | Planted F 1 M seed from the F 1 selected roots in Imperial |
| Valley, California. | |
| February Year 4 | Selected F 1 M roots with slender, cylindrical shape that |
| would fit the cut and peel processing market. Also tasted | |
| each individual root for direct eating quality evaluation. | |
| Planted in a sib-mating breeding system. | |
| September Year 4 | Planted F 1 M2 population seed in Imperial Valley, |
| California. | |
| February Year 5 | Evaluated F 1 M 2 population roots and selected for |
| cylindrical shape, good eating quality and qualities for cut | |
| and peel processing. | |
| September Year 5 | Planted F 1 M 3 population seed in Imperial Valley, |
| California. | |
| February Year 6 | Evaluated sub-selections and found one line, designated |
| RIF 71-4966C with uniform root shape and consistency. | |
| The decision was to test in a hybrid combination scheme. | |
| September Year 6 | Planted new hybrids made from pollinator RIF 71-4966C in |
| Imperial Valley, California. | |
| February Year 7 | Evaluated and selected best hybrid combinations, including 0710 0325. |
Line RIF 71-4966C has been self-pollinated and planted for a number of generations to produce the homozygosity and phenotypic stability to make this line useful in commercial seed production. No variant traits have been observed or are expected for this line.
Carrot line RIF 71-4966C, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting carrot plant under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions and harvesting the resulting seeds using techniques familiar to one of skill in the art.
8. Development of Carrot Line RIF 71-4967B
The development of carrot line RIF 71-4967B can be summarized as follows:
| September Year 2 | Planted parental lines of Nutri-red and S-D813B in |
| Imperial Valley steckling bed. | |
| February Year 3 | Selected best parental roots within populations of Nutri-red |
| and S-D813B for fertile × fertile crossing pattern. | |
| September Year 3 | Planted F 1 seed from fertile × fertile crossing system in |
| Imperial Valley, California. | |
| February Year 4 | Selected known hybrid roots within the population for |
| advancement to the F 1 M population. | |
| September Year 4 | Planted F 1 M seed from the F 1 selected roots in Imperial |
| Valley, California. | |
| February Year 5 | Selected F 1 M roots with slender, cylindrical shape that |
| would fit the cut and peel processing market. Also tasted | |
| each individual root for direct eating quality evaluation. | |
| Found one root with exceptional eating quality and shape and self | |
| pollinated. | |
| September Year 5 | Planted F 1 MS population seed in Imperial Valley, |
| California. | |
| February Year 6 | Evaluated the selfed line and designated it RIF 71-4967B |
| with uniform root shape and consistency. The decision was | |
| to test in a hybrid combination scheme. | |
| September Year 6 | Planted new hybrids made from pollinator RIF 71-4967B in |
| Imperial Valley, California. | |
| February Year 7 | Evaluated and selected best hybrid combinations, including 0710 0339. |
Line RIF 71-4967B has been self-pollinated and planted for a number of generations to produce the homozygosity and phenotypic stability to make this line useful in commercial seed production. No variant traits have been observed or are expected for this line.
Carrot line RIF 71-4967B, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting carrot plant under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions and harvesting the resulting seeds using techniques familiar to one of skill in the art.
9. Development of Carrot Line RIF 71-4968B
The development of carrot line RIF 71-4968B can be summarized as follows:
| September, Year 1 | Planted parental lines of Nutri-red and S-D813B in Imperial Valley |
| steckling bed. | |
| February, Year 2 | Selected best parental roots within populations of Nutri-red |
| and S-D813B for fertile × fertile crossing pattern. | |
| September, Year 2 | Planted F 1 seed from fertile × fertile crossing system. |
| February, Year 3 | Selected known hybrid roots within the population for |
| advancement to the F 1 M population. | |
| September, Year 3 | Planted F 1 M seed from the F 1 selected roots in Imperial Valley, |
| California. | |
| February, Year 4 | Selected F 1 M roots with slender, cylindrical shape targeting |
| the cut and peel processing market. Also tasted each | |
| individual root for direct eating quality evaluation. Planted | |
| in a sib-mating breeding system. | |
| September Year 4 | Planted F 1 M 2 population seed in Imperial Valley, |
| California, | |
| February Year 5 | Evaluated F 1 M 2 population roots and selected for |
| cylindrical shape, good eating quality and qualities for cut | |
| and peel processing. Found an individual root with | |
| exceptional eating quality and placed into a self pollinated | |
| scheme. | |
| September Year 5 | Planted F 1 M 2 S population seed in Imperial Valley, |
| California. | |
| February Year 6 | Evaluated the selfed line and designated it RIF 71-4968B |
| with uniform root shape and consistency. The decision was | |
| to test in a hybrid combination scheme. | |
| September Year 6 | Planted new hybrids made from pollinator RIF 71-4968B in |
| Imperial Valley, California. | |
| February Year 7 | Evaluated and selected best hybrid combinations, including |
| 0710 0346. | |
Line RIF 71-4968B has been self-pollinated and planted for a number of generations to produce the homozygosity and phenotypic stability to make this line useful in commercial seed production. No variant traits have been observed or are expected for this line.
Carrot line RIF 71-4968B, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting carrot plant under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions and harvesting the resulting seeds using techniques familiar to one of skill in the art.
10. Development of Hybrid Carrot Varieties Having High Lycopene Content
Hybrid carrots varieties 0710 0325, 0710 0339 and 0710 0346 resulted from the following crosses:
0710 0325=RF 71-4911A×RIF 71-4966C
0710 0339=RF 71-4911A×RIF 71-4967B
0710 0346=RF 71-4912A×RIF 71-4968B
The physiological and morphological characteristics of carrot hybrid and inbred varieties described herein are presented in Table 1-17. The values presented in the tables are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.
| TABLE 1 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Hybrid Variety | ||
| PS 0710-0346 | ||
| CHARACTERISTIC | ||
| 1. | Type | Imperator |
| Area of Best Adaptation in USA | Most Regions | |
| 2. | Maturity | |
| Days from Seeding to Harvest | 110 | |
| 3. | Plant Top (Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit | Semi-Erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top of | 50 cm | |
| Crown | ||
| Neck Diameter | 35 mm | |
| Top Attachment | Single | |
| 4. | Leaf (Harvest Stage) | |
| Blade Color | N134B in RHS Color Chart | |
| Blade Divisions | Medium | |
| Blade Length (W/O Petiole) | 25 cm | |
| Petiole Length from Crown to First | 20 cm | |
| Pinna | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin | Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence | Absent | |
| 5. | Root | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness (Midpoint | 11 mm | |
| X-Section) | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness (Midpoint X- | 8 mm | |
| Section) | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot) | 30 cm | |
| Length of Taproot | 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder | 28 mm | |
| Diameter t Midpoint | 19 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above Ground) | None | |
| Shape | Conic | |
| Collar | Level | |
| Shoulder | Sloping | |
| Base | Medium | |
| Surface Smoothness | Very Smooth | |
| Number Secondary Root Scars | Few | |
| Appearance of Secondary Root | Prominent | |
| Scars | ||
| Halo | Faint | |
| Zoning | Faint | |
| Flavor Harshness | Mild Harsh | |
| Flavor Sweetness | Moderate Sweet | |
| 6. | Colors | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color, | Red (60A in RHS Color | |
| Shoulder | Chart) | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color, Skin | Red (60A in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color, | Red (60A in RHS Color | |
| Shoulder | Chart) | |
| Below Ground Exterior Color, Skin | Red (60A in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color, Xylem- | Red (60B in RHS Color | |
| (Core) | Chart) | |
| X-Section Interior Color, Phloem | Red (60C in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| 7. | Flower | |
| Flower Color | 86 (193B in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| Male Fertility | Male-Sterile | |
| Anthers | Petaloid | |
| 8. | Seeds | |
| Height of Seed Stalk | 105 cm | |
| Stalk Pubescence | Little | |
| Diameter of First Order Umbel | 100 mm | |
| Seed Spines | Present | |
| per 100 Seeds | 200 mg | |
| 9. | Disease Reaction | |
| Alternaria Blight | Susceptible | |
| Cavity Spot | Susceptible | |
| Powdery Mildew | Susceptible | |
| Pythium Root Dieback | Susceptible | |
| 10. | Insect Reaction | |
| Root Knot Nematode | Susceptible | |
| 11. | Physiological Reaction | |
| Bolting | Resistant | |
| Root Splitting | Resistant | |
| TABLE 2 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Hybrid Variety | ||
| PS 0710-0339 | ||
| CHARACTERISTIC | ||
| 1. | Type | Imperator |
| Area of Best Adaptation in USA | Most Regions | |
| 2. | Maturity | |
| Days from Seeding to Harvest | 110 | |
| 3. | Plant Top (Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit | Semi-Erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top of Crown | 45 cm | |
| Neck Diameter | 35 mm | |
| Top Attachment | Single | |
| 4. | Leaf (Harvest Stage) | |
| Blade Color | Dark Green, N132B in | |
| RHS Color Chart | ||
| Blade Divisions | Medium | |
| Blade Length (W/O Petiole) | 28 cm | |
| Petiole Length from Crown to First | 20 cm | |
| Pinna | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin | Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence | Absent | |
| 5. | Root | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness (Midpoint | 10 mm | |
| X-Section) | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness (Midpoint X- | 7 mm | |
| Section) | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot) | 30 cm | |
| Length of Taproot | 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder | 24 mm | |
| Diameter t Midpoint | 17 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above Ground) | None | |
| Shape | Conic | |
| Collar | Level | |
| Shoulder | Sloping | |
| Base | Medium | |
| Surface Smoothness | Very Smooth | |
| Number Secondary Root Scars | Few | |
| Appearance of Secondary Root | Not Prominent | |
| Scars | ||
| Halo | Faint | |
| Zoning | Faint | |
| Flavor Harshness | Moderate Harsh | |
| Flavor Sweetness | Moderate Sweet | |
| 6. | Colors | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color, | Red (60B in RHS Color | |
| Shoulder | Chart) | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color, Skin | Red (60B in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color, | Red (60B in RHS Color | |
| Shoulder | Chart) | |
| Below Ground Exterior Color, Skin | Red (60B in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color, Xylem-Core | Red (60C in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color, Phloem | Red (60D in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| 7. | Flower | |
| Flower Color | 86 (193B in RHS Color | |
| Chart) | ||
| Male Fertility | Male-Sterile | |
| Anthers | Petaloid | |
| 8. | Seeds | |
| Height of Seed Stalk | 100 cm | |
| Stalk Pubescence | Little | |
| Diameter of First Order Umbel | 110 mm | |
| Seed Spines | Present | |
| per 100 Seeds | 205 mg | |
| 9. | Disease Reaction | |
| Alternaria Blight | Susceptible | |
| Cavity Spot | Susceptible | |
| Powdery Mildew | Susceptible | |
| Pythium Root Dieback | Susceptible | |
| 10. | Insect Reaction | |
| Root Knot Nematode | Susceptible | |
| 11. | Physiological Reaction | |
| Bolting | Resistant | |
| Root Splitting | Resistant | |
| TABLE 3 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Hybrid Variety PS 0710-0325 | ||
| CHARACTERISTIC | ||
| 1. | Type | Cut and Peel |
| Area of Best Adaptation in USA | Most Regions | |
| 2. | Maturity | |
| Days from Seeding to Harvest | 110 | |
| 3. | Plant Top (Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit | Semi-Erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top of Crown | 45 cm | |
| Neck Diameter | 30 mm | |
| Top Attachment | Single | |
| 4. | Leaf (Harvest Stage) | |
| Name of Color Chart | RHS Color Chart | |
| Blade Color | Dark Green, 135B in RHS Color Chart | |
| Blade Divisions | Medium | |
| Blade Length (W/O Petiole) | 25 cm | |
| Petiole Length from Crown to First | 20 cm | |
| Pinna | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin | Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence | Absent | |
| 5. | Root | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness (Midpoint | 8 mm | |
| X-Section) | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness (Midpoint X- | 7 mm | |
| Section) | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot) | 28 cm | |
| Length of Taproot | 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder | 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Midpoint | 15 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above Ground) | None | |
| Shape | Cylindrical | |
| Collar | Level | |
| Shoulder | Sloping | |
| Base | Blunt | |
| Surface Smoothness | Very Smooth | |
| Number Secondary Root Scars | Few | |
| Appearance of Secondary Root | Not Prominent | |
| Scars | ||
| Halo | None | |
| Zoning | None | |
| Flavor Harshness | Mild Harsh | |
| Flavor Sweetness | Moderate Sweet | |
| 6. | Colors | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color, | Red (60C in RHS Color Chart) | |
| Shoulder | ||
| Above Ground Exterior Color, Skin | Red (60C in RHS Color Chart) | |
| Below Ground Exterior Color, | Red (60C in RHS Color Chart) | |
| Shoulder | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color, Skin | Red (60C in RHS Color Chart) | |
| X-Section Interior Color, Xylem-Core | Red (61B in RHS Color Chart) | |
| X-Section Interior Color, Phloem | Red (60D in RHS Color Chart) | |
| 7. | Flower | |
| Flower Color | 86 (193B in RHS Color Chart) | |
| Male Fertility | Male-Sterile | |
| Anthers | Petaloid | |
| 8. | Seeds | |
| Height of Seed Stalk | 105 cm | |
| Stalk Pubescence | Little | |
| Diameter of First Order Umbel | 110 mm | |
| Seed Spines | Present | |
| per 100 Seeds | 200 mg | |
| 9. | Disease Reaction | |
| Alternaria Blight | Susceptible | |
| Cavity Spot | Susceptible | |
| Powdery Mildew | Susceptible | |
| Pythium Root Dieback | Susceptible | |
| 10. | Insect Reaction | |
| Root Knot Nematode | Susceptible | |
| 11. | Physiological Reaction | |
| Bolting | Resistant | |
| Root Splitting | Resistant | |
| TABLE 4 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Variety RF 71-4912A and a | ||
| Comparative Variety | ||
| RF 71-4912A | Nutri-red | |
| 1. | TYPE: | |
| Imperator | Imperator | |
| 2. | Region Of Best Adaptation In U.S.A.: | |
| Most Regions | Most Regions | |
| 3. | Market Maturity | |
| No. Days from Seeding to Harvest: | No. Days to Market Maturity: 120 | |
| 120 | ||
| 4. | Plant Top (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit: Semi-erect | Habit: Semi-erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top of | Plant Top Height: 50 cm | |
| Crown: 44 cm | ||
| Neck Diameter: 140 mm | Top Diameter: 30 cm | |
| Top Attachment: Single | Top Attachment: Single | |
| 5. | Leaf (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Name of Color Chart: RHS Colour | Name of Color Chart: RHS Colour Chart | |
| Chart | ||
| Blade Color: Dark Green | Leaf Blade Color: Dark Green | |
| Color Chart Notation: 132B | Color Chart Notation: N134A | |
| Blade Divisions: Medium | Leaf Blade Divisions: Medium | |
| Blade Length (Without Petiole):; 26 cm | Leaf Blade Length: 30 cm | |
| Petiole Length from Crown to First | Leaf Petiole Length: 20 cm | |
| Pinna: 15 cm | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence: Absent | Petiole Pubescence: Absent | |
| 6. | Root (At Market Maturity) | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness (Midpoint | Cortex Thickness: 10 mm | |
| X-Section): 18 mm | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness (Midpoint X- | Core Thickness: 10 mm | |
| Section): 14 mm | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot): 27 cm | Carrot Length (Minus Taproot): 24 cm | |
| Length of Taproot: 20 mm | Length of Taproot: 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder: 38 mm | Diameter at Shoulder: 32 mm | |
| Diameter at Midpoint: 33 mm | Diameter at Midpoint: 22 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above Ground): | Amount Exposed(Above Ground): None | |
| None | ||
| Shape: Conic | Root Shape: Conic | |
| Collar: Level | Collar: Level | |
| Shoulder: Sloping | Shoulder: Sloping | |
| Base: Medium | Base: Pointed | |
| Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or | Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or Corrugated | |
| Corrugated | ||
| Number Secondary Root Scars: Few | Number Secondary Root Scars: Few | |
| Appearance of Secondary Root Scars: | Appearance of Secondary Root Scars: Prominent | |
| Prominent | ||
| Halo: Faint | Halo: Faint | |
| Zoning: Faint | Zoning: Faint | |
| Flavor Harshness: Moderate Harsh | Flavor Harshness: Very harsh | |
| Flavor Sweetness: Moderate Sweet | Flavor Sweetness: Not sweet | |
| 7. | Flower | |
| Flower Color: 06 (Color Chart | Flower Color: 01 (Color Chart Notation N155D) | |
| Notation 194B) | ||
| Male Fertility: Male-Sterile | Fertility: Fertile | |
| Anthers: Petaloid | Anthers: Normal | |
| 8. | Seed | |
| Height of Seed Stalk: 120 cm | Height of Seed Stalk: 95 cm | |
| Stalk Pubescence: Little | Stalk Pubescence: Little | |
| Diameter of First Order Umbel: 130 mm | Diameter of First Order Umbel: 120 mm | |
| Seed Spines: Present | Seed Spines: Present | |
| 230 mg per 100 Seeds | 210 mg per 100 Seeds | |
| 9. | Disease Reaction | |
| Alternaria Blight: Susceptible | Alternaria Blight: Susceptible | |
| Aster Yellows: Susceptible | Aster Yellows: Susceptible | |
| Sclerotinia Decay: Susceptible | Cavity Spot: Susceptible | |
| Motley Dwarf Virus: Susceptible | ||
| Powdery Mildew: Susceptible | ||
| Pythium Root Dieback: Susceptible | ||
| Sclerotinia Decay: Susceptible | ||
| 10. | Insect Reaction | |
| Root Knot Nematode: Susceptible | Root Knot Nematode: Susceptible | |
| 11. | Physiological Reaction | |
| Bolting: Resistant | Bolting: Resistant | |
| Root Splitting: Resistant | Root Splitting: Resistant | |
| TABLE 5 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Variety 0710 0319 and | ||
| a Comparative Variety | ||
| 0710 0319 | Nutri-red | |
| 1. | Type | |
| Imperator | Imperator | |
| 2. | Region Of Rest Adaptation In U.S.A | |
| Most Regions | Most Regions | |
| 3. | Market Maturity | |
| No. Days from Seeding to | No. Days to Market Maturity: | |
| Harvest: 110 | 120 | |
| 4. | Plant Top (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit: Semi-erect | Habit: Semi-erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top | Plant Top Height: 50 cm | |
| of Crown: 1.0 cm | ||
| Neck Diameter: 18 mm | Top Diameter: 300 mm | |
| Top Attachment: Single | Top Attachment: Single | |
| 5. | Leaf (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Name of Color Chart: RHS | ||
| Colour Chart | ||
| Blade Color: Dark Green | Leaf Blade Color: Dark Green | |
| Color Chart Notation: N135B | Color Chart Notation: N134A | |
| Blade Divisions: Coarse | Leaf Blade Divisions: Medium | |
| Blade Length (Without Petiole): | Leaf Blade Length: 30 cm | |
| 30 cm | ||
| Petiole Length from Crown to | Leaf Petiole Length: 20 cm | |
| First Pinna: 25 cm | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin: Present | Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence: Absent | Petiole Pubescence: Absent | |
| 6. | Root (At Market Maturity) | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness | Cortex Thickness: 10 mm | |
| (Midpoint X-Section): 12 mm | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness | Core Thickness: 10 mm | |
| (Midpoint X-Section): 13 mm | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot): | Carrot Length: 24 cm | |
| 26 cm | ||
| Length of Taproot: 20 mm | Length of Taproot: 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder: 38 mm | Diameter at Shoulder: 32 mm | |
| Diameter at Midpoint: 28 mm | Diameter at Midpoint: 22 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above | Amount Exposed: None | |
| Ground): 1-10% | ||
| Shape: Conic | Root Shape: Conic | |
| Collar: Level | Collar: Level | |
| Shoulder: Sloping | Shoulder: Sloping | |
| Base: Medium | Base: Pointed | |
| Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or | Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or | |
| Corrugated | Corrugated | |
| Number Secondary Root Scars: | Secondary Root Scars: Few | |
| Few | ||
| Appearance of Secondary Root | Appearance of Secondary Roots: | |
| Scars: Prominent | Prominent | |
| Halo: Prominent | Halo: Faint | |
| Zoning: Prominent | Zoning: Faint | |
| Flavor Harshness: Mildly Harsh | Flavor Harshness: Very harsh | |
| Flavor Sweetness: Moderately | Flavor Sweetness: Not sweet | |
| Sweet | ||
| Name of Color Chart: | ||
| Colors: | RHS Colour | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color: | 84 Shoulder (Color Chart | |
| 94 Shoulder (Color Chart | Notation 59D) | |
| Notation 60B) | ||
| Above Ground Exterior Color: | Skin: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 94 Skin (Color Chart | Notation 59D) | |
| Notation 60B) | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color: | Shoulder: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 94 Shoulder (Color Chart | Notation 59D) | |
| Notation 60B) | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color: | Skin: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 94 Skin (Color Chart | Notation 59D) | |
| Notation 60B) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color: | Xylem: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 04 Xylem (Core) (Color Chart | Notation 63B) | |
| Notation 60C) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color: | Phloem: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 04 Phloem (Color Chart | Notation 63A) | |
| Notation 60C) | ||
| 7. | Flower | |
| Flower Color: 86 (Color Chart | Flower Color: 01 (Color Chart | |
| Notation 193B) | Notation N155D) | |
| Male Fertility: Male-Sterile | Fertility: Fertile | |
| Anthers: Petaloid | Anthers: Normal | |
| 8. | Seed | |
| Height of Seed Stalk: 95 cm | Height of Seed Stalk: 95 cm | |
| Stalk Pubescence: Little | Stalk Pubescence: Little | |
| Diameter of First Order Umbel: | Diameter of First Order Umbel: | |
| 105 mm | 120 mm | |
| Seed Spines: Present | Seed Spines: Present | |
| 220 mg per 100 Seeds | 210 mg per 100 Seeds | |
| 9. | Disease Reaction (1 = Susceptible; 2 = Resistant; Give Races | |
| If Known) | ||
| Alternaria Blight: Susceptible | Alternaria Blight: Susceptible | |
| Aster Yellows: Susceptible | Aster Yellows: Susceptible | |
| Cavity Spot: Susceptible | Cavity Spot: Susceptible | |
| Cercospora Blight: Susceptible | ||
| Motley Dwarf Virus: Susceptible | Motley Dwarf Virus: Susceptible | |
| Powdery Mildew: Susceptible | Powdery Mildew: Susceptible | |
| Pythium Root Dieback: | Pythium Root Dieback: | |
| Susceptible | Susceptible | |
| Sclerotinia Decay: Susceptible | Sclerotinia Decay: Susceptible | |
| 10. | Insect Reaction (1 = Susceptible; 2 = Resistant; give rates if known) | |
| Root Knot Nematode: | Root Knot Nematode: Susceptible | |
| Susceptible | ||
| 11. | Physiological Reaction (1 = Susceptible; 2 = Resistant) | |
| Bolting: Susceptible | Bolting: Resistant | |
| Root Splitting: Resistant | Root Splitting: Resistant | |
| Notes: | ||
| Halo: Cross-section showing color difference between xylem and phloem. | ||
| Zoning: Longitudinal cut showing color difference between xylem and phloem. | ||
| Color choices: 1 = White, 2 = Yellow, 3 = Orange, 4 = Red, 5 = Purple, 6 = Green, 7 = Salmon, 8 = Light, 9 = Dark | ||
| Color example: 0 2 = Yellow; 3 4 = Orange-Red; 9 4 Dark Red. |
| TABLE 6 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Variety 0710 0305 and | ||
| a Comparative Variety | ||
| 0710 0305 | Nutri-red | |
| 1. | Type: | |
| Nates | Imperator | |
| 2. | Region Of Best Adaptation In | |
| U.S.A. | ||
| Most Regions | Most Regions | |
| 3. | Market Maturity | |
| No. Days from Seeding to | No. Days to Market Maturity: | |
| Harvest: 120 | 120 | |
| 4. | Plant Top (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit: Semi-erect | Habit: Semi-erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top of | Plant Top Height: 50 cm | |
| Crown: 0.5 cm | ||
| Neck Diameter: 12 mm | Top Diameter: 300 mm | |
| Top Attachment: Single | Top Attachment: Single | |
| 5. | Leaf (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Name of Color Chart: RHS | ||
| Colour Chart | ||
| Blade Color: Dark Green | Leaf Blade Color: Dark Green | |
| Color Chart Notation: N135B | Color Chart Notation: N134A | |
| Blade Divisions: Medium | Leaf Blade Divisions: Medium | |
| Blade Length (Without Petiole): | Leaf Blade Length: 30 cm | |
| 24 cm | ||
| Petiole Length from Crown to | Leaf Petiole Length: 20 cm | |
| First Pinna: 20 cm | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence: Absent | Petiole Pubescence: Absent | |
| 6. | Root (At Market Maturity) | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness | Cortex Thickness: 10 mm | |
| (Midpoint X-Section): 9 mm | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness | Core Thickness: 10 mm | |
| (Midpoint X-Section): 8 mm | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot): | Carrot Length: 24 cm | |
| 16 cm | ||
| Length of Taproot: 18 mm | Length of Taproot: 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder: 26 mm | Diameter at Shoulder: 32 mm | |
| Diameter at Midpoint: 21 mm | Diameter at Midpoint: 22 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above | Amount Exposed: None | |
| Ground): 1-10% | ||
| Shape: Cylindrical | Root Shape: Conic | |
| Collar: Level | Collar: Level | |
| Shoulder: Rounded | Shoulder: Sloping | |
| Base: Blunt | Base: Pointed | |
| Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or | Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or | |
| Corrugated | Corrugated | |
| Number Secondary Root Scars: | Secondary Root Scars: Few | |
| Few | ||
| Appearance of Secondary Root | Appearance of Secondary Roots: | |
| Scars: Not Prominent | Prominent | |
| Halo: Faint | Halo: Faint | |
| Zoning: Faint | Zoning: Faint | |
| Flavor Harshness: Mildly Harsh | Flavor Harshness: Very harsh | |
| Flavor Sweetness: Very Sweet | Flavor Sweetness: Not sweet | |
| Colors: | Name of Color Chart: RH | |
| Above Ground Exterior Color: | 84 Shoulder (Color Chart | |
| 94 Shoulder (Color Chart | Notation 59D) | |
| Notation 59B) | ||
| Above Ground Exterior Color: | Skin: 84 (Color Chart Notation | |
| 94 Skin (Color Chart Notation | 59D) | |
| 59B) | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color: | Shoulder: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 94 Shoulder (Color Chart | Notation 59D) | |
| Notation 59B) | ||
| Below Ground Exterior Color: | Skin: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 94 Skin (Color Chart Notation | Notation 59D) | |
| 59B) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color: | Xylem: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 04 Xylem (Core) | Notation 63B) | |
| (Color Chart Notation 59C) | ||
| X-Section Interior Color: | Phloem: 84 (Color Chart | |
| 04 Phloem | Notation 63A) | |
| (Color Chart Notation 59C) | ||
| 7. | Flower | |
| Flower Color: 86 (Color Chart | Flower Color: 01 (Color Chart | |
| Notation 193B) | Notation N115D) | |
| Male Fertility: Male-Sterile | Fertility: Fertile | |
| Anthers: Petaloid | Anthers: Normal | |
| 8. | Seed | |
| Height of Seed Stalk: 100 cm | Height of Seed Stalk: 95 cm | |
| Stalk Pubescence: Little | Stalk Pubescence: Little | |
| Diameter of First Order Umbel: | Diameter of First Order Umbel: | |
| 112 mm | 120 mm | |
| Seed Spines: Present | Seed Spines: Present | |
| 205 mg per 100 Seeds | 210 mg per 100 Seeds | |
| 9. | Disease Reaction (1 = Suseeptible; 2 = Resistant; give rates if known) | |
| Alternaria Blight: Susceptible | Alternaria Blight: Susceptible | |
| Aster Yellows: Susceptible | Aster Yellows: Susceptible | |
| Cavity Spot: Susceptible | Cavity Spot: Susceptible | |
| Cercospora Blight: Susceptible | ||
| Motley Dwarf Virus: Susceptible | Motley Dwarf Virus: Susceptible | |
| Powdery Mildew: Susceptible | Powdery Mildew: Susceptible | |
| Pythium Root Dieback: | Pythium Root Dieback: Susceptible | |
| Susceptible | ||
| Sclerotinia Decay: Susceptible | Sclerotinia Decay: Susceptible | |
| 10. | Insect Reaction (1 = Susceptible; 2 = Resistant; give races if known) | |
| Root Knot Nematode: | Root Knot Nematode: | |
| Susceptible | Susceptible | |
| 11. | Physiological Reaction (1 = Susceptible; 2 = Resistant) | |
| Bolting: Resistant | Bolting: Resistant | |
| Root Splitting: Resistant | Root Splitting: Resistant | |
| Notes: | ||
| Halo: Cross-section showing color difference between xylem and phloem. | ||
| Zoning: Longitudinal cut showing color difference between xylem and phloem. | ||
| Color choices: 1 = White, 2 = Yellow, 3 = Orange, 4 = Red, 5 = Purple, 6 = Green, 7 = Salmon, 8 = Light, 9 = Dark | ||
| Color examples: 0 2 = Yellow; 3 4 = Orange-Red; 9 4 Dark Red. |
| TABLE 7 | ||
| Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Variety 0710 0304 and a | ||
| Comparative Variety | ||
| 0710 0304 | Nutri-red | |
| 1. | Type | |
| Nantes | Imperator | |
| 2. | Region of Best Adaptation in U.S.A. | |
| Most Regions | Most Regions | |
| 3. | Market Maturity | |
| No. Days from Seeding to Harvest: | No. Days to Market Maturity: 120 | |
| 120 | ||
| 4. | Plant Top (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Habit: Semi-erect | Habit: Semi-erect | |
| Height from Shoulder to Top of | Plant Top Height: 50 cm | |
| Crown: 0.5 cm | ||
| Neck Diameter: 11 mm | Top Diameter: 300 mm | |
| Top Attachment: Single | Top Attachment: Single | |
| 5. | Lear (At Harvest Stage) | |
| Name of Color Chart: RHS Colour | ||
| Chart | ||
| Blade Color: Dark Green | Leaf Blade Color: Dark Green | |
| Color Chart Notation: N135B | Color Chart Notation: N134A | |
| Blade Divisions: Medium | Leaf Blade Divisions: Medium | |
| Blade Length (Without Petiole): 26 cm | Leaf Blade Length: 30 cm | |
| Petiole Length from Crown to First | Leaf Petiole Length: 20 cm | |
| Pinna: 22 cm | ||
| Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | Petiole Anthocyanin: Absent | |
| Petiole Pubescence: Absent | Petiole Pubescence: Absent | |
| 6. | Root (At Market Maturity) | |
| Cortex (Phloem) Thickness (Midpoint | Cortex Thickness: 10 mm | |
| X-Section): 11 mm | ||
| Core (Xylem) Thickness (Midpoint X- | Core Thickness: 10 mm | |
| Section): 9 mm | ||
| Carrot Length (Minus Taproot): 18 cm | Carrot Length: 24 cm | |
| Length of Taproot: 18 mm | Length of Taproot: 20 mm | |
| Diameter at Shoulder: 24 mm | Diameter at Shoulder: 32 mm | |
| Diameter at Midpoint: 19 mm | Diameter at Midpoint: 22 mm | |
| Amount Exposed (Above Ground): 1-10% | Amount Exposed: None | |
| Shape: Cylindrical | Root Shape: Conic | |
| Collar: Level | Collar: Level | |
| Shoulder: Rounded | Shoulder: Sloping | |
| Base: Blunt | Base: Pointed | |
| Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or | Surface Smoothness: Dimpled or Corrugated | |