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[0001] The present application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/330,566, filed Oct. 25, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated here by reference.
[0002] This invention relates to methods and apparatus for finding compatible individuals or groups, whether for romantic, sexual, intellectual, political or other liaisons.
[0003] People are lonely; they can mitigate this periodically in the company of others, but only some others are acceptable and they are becoming hard to find; partly because of dilution and partly because overt display of need can weaken negotiating positions and because deceit is prevalent. In general terms, they say they are searching for love.
[0004] Tastes are becoming increasingly specialized under the influence of modern marketing, making it more difficult for random interactions to bring acceptable pairs or groups together. Further, increased privacy obtained through such solo lifestyles and behaviours as living alone, watching television, surfing the net, playing videogames, telebanking, single-parenting, driving alone, telecommuting, and eating at drive-through restaurants reduces the number of random interactions that may lead to love. Love is also increasingly transient, again as marketing leads to the incessant manufacture of new desires which render obsolete any current relationship, so that there is an increased and relentless demand for finding partners.
[0005] Matchmaking is an ancient art, but in modern cultures the conditions for it are no longer in place: stable communities and straightforward models of love and behaviour. All these contribute to keeping the size and complexity of the database of candidates small enough for manual processes. There is a need for a technological solution capable of finding love for people of very diverse characters with diverse and rapidly changing desires and emotional needs, and on a global scale.
[0006] Marcel Duchamp's Large Glass (1913) proposed an apparatus for transmission of desire based on his contemporary wireless transmission technologies. These technologies were those of spark telegraphy, Crookes tubes, galvanometers and direct electrical stimulation of muscle, and the explanations Duchamp gave of the manner of operation were not fully enabling: but his claim was that “it was well connected, it could almost work”. It is not clear that the technology of the time was capable of remote transmission of desire, or of other forms of love, except indirectly through coded transmission of language, but electrical stimulation of muscle (frogs' legs) through radio transmission was established and it is clear that this work is key prior art in the area of remote actuation of desire.
[0007] Duchamp specifies (according to Henderson) that a “bride” broadcasts a wave signal for the transmission of desire generated by excitation of a “desire magneto” indirectly connected to her “sex cylinder” and transmitted through an antenna of a form then known in the art that Duchamp refers to as a “pendu femelle” to a plurality of bachelors. The bachelors receive the signal through antennae described as “sieves” connected to a type of resonator and magneto-mechanical detector that Duchamp refers to as a “chocolate grinder”; and the Bachelors themselves are “Malic molds”—types of Crookes tubes filled with “inert illuminating gas” that are excited by the received signal.
[0008] The proposed system is reciprocal, (Henderson): “The other emitter of waves or signals in the Glass is the Juggler of the Centre of Gravity or Handler of Gravity, whose “ball in black metal” projects “waves of disequilibriun” towards the Bride.”
[0009] This Juggler in turn is driven by the Boxing Match, which contains both First and Second Rams and is operable to launch nine shots to the realm of the Bride. The bride is said to be ionized, or “stripped bare by the bachelors” in this process.
[0010] Duchamp's proposed apparatus, while not apparently functional, is better adapted to the art of love than is anything in the more recent practical art, in that it explicitly recognises the complex interactions involved in love and desire.
[0011] Love cannot reliably be found by any “open-loop” method such as implemented in Yenta or Lovegety (see below), because in the majority of cases it develops over a period of courtship in which plural participants interact in such a way as to release information to one another in a controlled fashion, modifying their own behaviour and desires in response to each step. Most prior art, apart from Duchamp's, suffers from this weakness in its underlying model.
[0012] Duchamp's implementation shows a complex two-way interaction between a bride and plural bachelors involving excitation by a desire magneto leading to ionization (“stripping bare”), communication involving splendid vibrations, and cinematic blossoming powered by release of energy contained in love gasoline. It also makes explicit the social context, with the bride interacting with girlfriends as well as with the Bachelors.
[0013] The prevalence of deceit in the pursuit of love is well understood in art (Donne) and is a major drawback with all known methods and apparati. Deceptive behaviours occur because progress to courting behaviour may be valuable for reasons other than the pursuit of love, such as short-term sexual gratification, power, status, revenge, winning a bet, or access to jewelry, art, income streams or other valuable property. Even if no property and little time are lost, they cause “false positives” early in courtship, which waste emotional investment.
[0014] Self-deception is also well-known in the art of love. Like deception of others, it can arise from motivations to power or status, and it can also be encouraged by mass media such as the entertainment industry and churches “selling” particular ideals for their own purposes.
[0015] Overt negotiation, such as in arranged marriages or Internet dating service, explicitly describes the actual characteristics of the love-seeking party and the sought characteristics of the desired. Overt mechanisms are often ineffective because people have very poor conscious understanding of their desires (self-deception) and because they encourage deception: a dishonest or petty seducer may claim to love art rather than admitting to his preference for bearbaiting.
[0016] Subvert negotiation involves visible tokens (signifiers) (e.g. type of car) together with conventions that relate this signifier to a collection of other possessions, attributes or behaviours. Response to the signifier is unconsciously induced by response to said collection of possessions, attributes or behaviours. Cultural mechanisms describe these relations and create the convention. Subvert mechanisms succeed better than overt ones in limiting deceptive behaviour, because rational processes are less applicable, however the conventions are often well-enough recognized that they become partially overt: the cad may observe an attractive woman in Doc Martins and choose to mention Lukacs rather than Norman Rockwell.
[0017] This invention is concerned with initial acquisition and development of candidate partners with a high probability of successful courtship. It automates subvert matching over large pools of candidates with excellent protection against deception, and can monitor and manipulate a complex interaction over an extended time.
[0018] The “lovegety” and “flirtgety” devices described in [refs here] are simplified implementations of the Large Glass, using simple modern radio transceivers to replace the desire magnetos and related apparatus, using commercial dry cells to implement the reservoir of love gasoline, and with much less ambitious transducers of desire. They automate an approach similar to that of a lonely hearts advertisement: the user describes his/her sex by purchasing an appropriately coloured device, then sets switches to describe behavioural preferences from a narrow menu of options (“karaoke” or “walk in the woods”). The target audience is bearers of similar devices within a limited distance, so these devices must be used in social situations such as parties, grocery stores or church meetings where suitable other bearers are likely to be present.
[0019] One difficulty with this method is that the menu of choices is quite limited—often offering no representation for homosexual preferences, for example.
[0020] Yet another difficulty is the danger of deception, as for any overt technique, as when men simulate sensitivity.
[0021] Another difficulty is one inherent in all overt methods: people rarely know what they want, or they deceive themselves. The flaw here is that courting is seen as a form of shopping, in which the wise shopper works from a list, and conscious mediation in producing the list increases the motivation to self-deception. There is a body of philosophy that holds that self deceit can be neutralized by the program “know thyself”, although no embodiment of this program is known. Its ultimate goal, if feasible, is purification or elimination of desire: this would reduce the market for our device. We do not believe that this is likely to be a serious problem, given the antiquity of the program and the paucity of results.
[0022] Yet another difficulty is the limited range of the device, which may require a manufactured social situation.
[0023] There is also the danger of deception by electronic interception (“sigint” or signals intelligence): a seducer may progressively scan possible settings merely in order to identify the desires of an attractive quarry—then claim to love long walks in the woods rather than admitting to a preference for monster truck rallies.
[0024] Lovegety attempts to implement a covert negotiation (the negotiation of match occurs between two mechanisms without the users being notified of the results unless they are successful) but with overt description of desire (“karaoke” etc.).
[0025] “Yenta” (Foner, op. cit.) implements another covert negotiation with overt objectives, in which users covertly identify others to whom they are attracted, and then pairs are notified only of mutual attraction. This assumes explicit knowledge of the user's own desires and that the user knows enough about other users to form a judgement, and its main advantage over a straightforward proposition is the avoidance of embarrassment. Yenta is essentially a technical implementation of negotiation through a trusted intermediary as described in (Shakespeare, Chaucer and Ovid) and has the same advantages and disadvantages.
[0026] The use of trusted intermediaries is weak because of concerns for: security, since the database may be altered or read improperly, causing embarrassment; commitment, since notification by the system is an admission of attraction, and difficult to deny later when contact is found undesirable; grief and insult, since lack of notification after identifying another implies that the desired does not reciprocate; deception in the form of trifling, since a malicious user may merely identify a large number of others in order to learn about their interest without reciprocating in good faith.
[0027] The use of single-step negotiation is a key weakness, since it fails to recognize feedback mechanisms: Yenta only implements a single level of flirtation in what is known in the art to be a complex process of many stages and alternative paths (Capellanus). The “commitment” and “grief” failures are due to this weakness.
[0028] A brothel is prior art for the process of explicit identification of a preferred partner, and directly maps the well-established model of shopping to the gratification of simple sexual desires. Yenta is an implementation of this method with the addition of a requirement for symmetric desire and a simple method for partially suppressing knowledge of unreciprocated desire. Lovegety is a further abstraction in that it permits description of the partner in general terms rather than explicit identification, but shares the fundamental weaknesses of any method derived from the underlying shopping model. SUBVERT ART
[0029] By choosing to drive a particular type of car, a male may display naive vigour (Camaro), wealth (Lamborghini), moderation (Volvo), adventurousness (Land Rover), etc. These general characteristics are then associated with clusters of behaviours: a Camaro owner may be expected to live with his parents, to drink Jack Daniels, and to want rough sex; a Lamborghini owner can be expected to drink expensive wine, own a yacht and a beach house, travel to exotic locations, and give jewellery to mistresses; a Volvo owner may be expected to have a solid professorial job, at most one divorce, and a large and boringly tasteful house in a quiet uptown neighbourhood; and a Land Rover owner can be expected to have a cottage and a collection of travel books and to enjoy whitewater rafting. Similarly a female may drive a Beetle (“free spirit”), a Harley (“zipless sex”) or a '68 Mustang (“tomboy romantic”). The car is a display of preferences, like the settings of a Lovegety or FlirtGety, in a conventional form, and is used as a courting signal.
[0030] The conventions themselves may be determined in a weak fashion by the relation between inherent properties of the products (maximum speed and collision safety record, for example) and desired characteristics (aggression or security, respectively), but are now largely defined explicitly by the marketing organizations that sell them. Companies with marketing organizations able to bring particular brands into the “dictionary of desire” this way are rewarded by being able to sell the branded products at very high margins.
[0031] The key advantage of conventional display over overt (“shopping-list”) methods is that it is possible for a participant to buy a car or admire the owner of a car “because it's cool” or “because it's safe” or “because it's practical” without having to explicitly admit to him/herself what the implied preferences are. This makes self-deception harmless, because the internal mechanisms of sexual or romantic desire can communicate directly (through desire for a product) without conscious mediation. Unfortunately these conventions publish fairly quickly, as satirists and artists of various types detect and track them and bring them to public attention, so that participants become self-conscious of the meaning of their choice of a car (or clothing style, preferred liquor, or public entertainment); once explicit, lifestyle degenerates to overt selection. Since the need for subvert negotiation remains, branding is a ongoing campaign against art. DATA MINING
[0032] “Data mining” is an emerging technology in which large databases are searched for patterns of behaviour (in particular of consumption) with commercial value. Typically the semantics/meaning of the pattern is regarded as irrelevant. In a typical example, large databases of grocery purchases are searched to find groups of products often bought together and this information is used to decide which coupons to offer to a particular shopper. In broad terms this technology is naturally subvert, and hence a natural candidate for use in romance, but has not yet been applied in a useful way.
[0033] The subtlety of language permits courtship, in particular when it is used in forms (such as poetry) in which it is conventional to use multiple meanings, sounds and connotations of words and phrases to communicate in an ambiguous manner. This permits the use of deceit to subvert conscious interference. Also, since language is conventionally interactive, it permits feedback; and since it can be published or declaimed it permits broadcast of desire to enhance initial contact (cf. Byron).
[0034] Other arts, including but not limited to music, sculpture and painting, can be and frequently are used in the same way.
[0035] The arts, however, require a certain level of skill and do not necessarily involve the use of consumer products. These requirements for skill, sensitivity, knowledge or intelligence limit the available market, and lack of a revenue model makes them worthless to pursue.
[0036] An apparatus or method is desired that enables its owners or subscribers to be led into relationships that will, for a time, diminish their loneliness. This apparatus or method must be subvert (in the sense of hiding knowledge of the underlying patterns of desire from all participants), must have the flexibility to respond to new types of desire as they are manufactured by marketing and the cultural industries, must be compatible with iterative or feedback methods of kindling love and desire, and must be commercially viable.
[0037] For optimum commercial value, the method or apparatus must be protected by intellectual property law, and must be as ubiquitous as air, so that there is no practical method to find love without it. Duchamp's Green Box explains:
[0038] Establish a society in which the individual has to pay for the air he breathes (air meters; imprisonment and rarefied air, in case of non-payment simple asphyxiation if necessary (cut off the air)
[0039] The present invention is a novel method and apparatus for finding love. More specifically, the apparatus and method are operable to induce the likelihood of a match by means not under the direct control of the subjects, particularly means that detect patterns of behaviour inductively and modify them. These means may be designed explicitly to detect certain characteristics, or may be designed more abstractly to recognize patterns without any known interpretation.
[0040] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
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[0057] Subjects wear devices equipped with computing, communication, sensors and actuators. A typical device senses the proximity of others by means of its communication system, and exchanges simple “applets” and data objects with them. An operating system in the devices executes certain applets according to a rule that gives greater computing resources to applets whose decisions have been found successful in the past, including giving successful applets access to actuators so that they can attempt to modify the behaviour of their subjects. A device would generally have an initial collection of applets known to be broadly successful, but new applets could be introduced to the community at any time and would have the power to reproduce if successful.
[0058] The success of the system depends on ensuring that applets with desirable behaviour survive and propagate. Their propagation from one device to another is essentially viral, with the individual devices modelling the state of mind of their bearers and favouring the infections that can most cheaply predict their desires; and by allowing the viruses to touch their bodies through a variety of actuators—sounds, smells, electrical shock, micro-injections—devices arrange that these viruses of desire will succeed best if they can manipulate estimated desire to make their predictions more accurate.
[0059] Two particular types of data object are envisioned as useful in an initial embodiment: a table of (name, value) pairs and a labelled graph of interactions. It is envisioned that data objects generally permit any applet to read them and to add new entries, but that overwriting of existing entries is controlled through a cryptographic signature mechanism. Objects should in general also implement specialized garbage collection methods that allow the operating system to save storage by deleting data saved by unsuccessful applets.
[0060] An interface for the (name, value) pairs, for example, can have a single instance of a Table, with methods including:
[0061] Table.Set(Name, Value, Signature)
[0062] Value=Table.Get(Name)
[0063] size=Table.SpaceOf(AppletID)
[0064] void Table.Delete(Name)
[0065] An applet “linger” can use this mechanism to estimate the attractiveness of the owner of a device, for example, by estimating how long other owners usually stay nearby (polling the communications interface to determine this at the current time, and averaging the result with an earlier estimates by some formula such as
[0066] “LingerTime=0.99*LingerTime+0.01*LatestTime”), then setting
[0067] Table.Set(“Linger”, LingerTime, LingerSignature)
[0068] This applet could then compare the LingerTime values for two subjects as they approached each other, perhaps before they have had an opportunity to see each other, and make recommendations using an earpiece transducer; for example telling a moderately attractive male to suck in his gut on the approach of an attractive female.
[0069] This applet uses a small amount of memory resource (the LingerTimetable entry), which is therefore not likely to be tidied away, and occasionally requests the use of the relatively expensive earpiece resource. If its advice is found to be good, then the operating system will allocate it a higher priority, and its access to the earpiece will become more probable.
[0070] Note that the subject does not explicitly set LingerTime, and therefore cannot overtly claim to be more attractive (or “lingery”) than he or she actually is. In general the author of an applet will not explain or publicize its algorithms lest users then modify their behaviour to mislead the algorithm: for example sleeping with a collection of devices so as to appear to cause lingering.
[0071] The operating system uses a nonlinear optimization algorithm and a defined criterion to select how many resources to give each applet. An example of such a criterion is that an applet that correctly predicts that a particular subject will spend the night with the owner of the given device would score highly, and in general accurate prediction of duration of contacts would score positively. An example of a suitable optimization algorithm is one in which resources are initially allocated equally, and then the resources available to each applet are increased by a small percentage for each applet scoring a more accurate estimate than the median and decreased slightly for each applet whose estimates are less accurate than the median.
[0072] According to
[0073] In the embodiment of
[0074] According to
[0075] In the embodiment of
[0076] According to
[0077] According to
[0078] According to
[0079] According to
[0080] The software running in device
[0081] The software running in device
[0082] It will be apparent to one skilled in art that there are many metrics either for pleasure or desire. At a commercial level it may be expected that devices
[0083] According to
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[0085] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that many algorithms, broadly called evolutionary algorithms, exist that have the general properties required for an applet management system
[0086] According to
[0087] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that many similar algorithms can be developed, each having several or all of the characteristics that it attempts to predict desire, that it may use access to actuators
[0088] According to
[0089] According to
[0090] According to
[0091] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that a similar device could be developed to detect tumescence in the penis and to stimulate it with shocks, warmth, vibration or topical injections of nitric oxide.
[0092] According to
[0093] A second important data object is the labelled graph, which is capable of representing complex behaviours without direct reference to their semantics, such as sexual preference. In the preferred embodiment a graph that represents a subset of the transitive closure of those subjects with which the given subject comes into contact is labelled with (name, value) pairs, such as the LingerTime data described above. The data now refers to Lingering with specific individuals, rather than with people in general, so that more subtle types of attraction may be represented.
[0094] According to
[0095] This graph is semantically ambiguous, in that it could equally represent the violent physical contacts among members of two five-a-side basketball teams. Note that it would still function to introduce basketball players to each other. In the case where the sensor device or recording applet is unable to distinguish between sexual and game contacts it would also tend to introduce basketball players to suburban swingers: depending on the reactions of the parties so introduced the given applet would be more or less apt to survive. This is an example of applet behaviour that is likely not to have been expected by the original applet author, and hence of the importance of the management structure herein disclosed.
[0096] According to
[0097] Again the semantics of the graph of
[0098] According to
[0099] Equivalently the graph could represent the sexual activity of a prostitute represented by
[0100] Various alternatives and enhancements to the embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are not intended to be excluded from the scope of the present invention which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.